There is no lexical or syntactic parallelizm.
It is impossible to unite the lexical units and the syntactic structure of the O and the T by relations of semantic periphrasis or syntactic transformation.
Retention of the purport of communication of the O in the T.
Retention of identification of the situation of the O in the T, because there is direct real and logical connection, which enables us to state that in both cases the same thing is reported.
Causes of changing method of describing the situation in translation.
50. Translations of the second type are widely met with. It is explained by the fact that in each language there are preferable ways (methods) of describing certain situations, that may not be acceptable for other languages.
(10) We locked the door to keep thieves out.
(11) I am the last man to do it.
(12) Give me Beethoven any time.
(13) He came off a poor second.
51. The necessity to establish equivalence on the level of situation may also be connected with the fact that in many cases members of the speaking community constantly use only one method of describing a certain situation. Most often it is met with in standard speech formulas, warnings, conventional wishes, expressions of condolence, etc. For ex.
(14) Кто его спрашивает? – Who shall I say is calling.
(15) Pull –Push – К себе – От себя.
(16) Осторожно, окрашено – Wet paint.
If the situation, described in the original, can be rendered in the TL by one fixed way, the choice of the variant of translation is independent on the way of describing it in the original, and the structure of the message in the T is also fixed. It is natural, that corresponding messages in the O and the T may have the same structure only in cases when the obligatory ways of describing the situation in both the languages coincide. In most cases the obligatory character or the preference of the method of describing the situation in the TL is connected with the method of describing it in the O, with establishing in the T of equivalence of the second level.
| (17) Stop, I have a gun! (R.Bradbury) | Стой, я буду стрелять. |
| (18) Reduction on taking a quantity. (J.Galsworthy) | Оптовым покупателям скидка. |
| (19) Peter’s face muscles tightened. | Питер стиснул зубы. |
| (20) He left the ship on Tuesday. | Он сошел на берег во вторник. |
| (21) Take a better man than she is, better man than I’ve ever met, to get away with being insulting to me. | Не родился еще тот человек, который мог бы оскорбить меня безнаказанно. |
52. The refusal from reproduction in the T of the situation described in the O, i.e. the use in the T of the first (not the second) level of equivalence, is conditioned only by the necessity to retain the purport of communication in cases when the situation described in an utterance has no associations for the R. For ex., in J.Brain’s novel the main hero, contemptuously describing the appearance of a lower class young man, says that he has “the face behind the requests on Forces Favourites”, i.e. «лицо человека, который посылает заявки для исполнения по радио в концерте для военнослужащих». Such characterisation is hardly understood by a Russian R as humiliating. That’s why the translators (Т.Кудрявцева, Т.Озерская) preferred to establish equivalence with quite a different situation: “такие лица видишь на плакатах».
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53. Members of the speaking community may know some features of a certain situation better than other ones. A Russian R knows very well a story about Christ, who fed five thousand people with five loaves of bread and two fish, but he may not understand a reference of “full baskets”, present in the same story, but very seldom mentioned outside the Bible.
(22) They found him over tea and one of these fishes which cover the more ground when eaten and explain the miracle of the seven baskets full (J.Galsworthy).
The phenomenon often takes place with situations connected with history and culture of some people:
(23) The Battle of Seven Days – битва при Гёттисберге
(24) The Man of Destiny – Наполеон
(25) The Iron Duke – герцог Веллингтон
(26) The Land of Cakes – Шотландия
54. Some situations evoke in one culture speaking community definite associations, which are different from associations of people of other culture speaking communities. It is known that nodding may mean for one people – agreement, for another – negation (disagreement). The description of this gesture may be treated differently in different cultures. The statement that somebody drove on the right side of the road means violation of traffic rules for an English R and is trivial for people living in a country with the right side driving.
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Definite associations are fixed behind situations, connected with events or works of literature, which are very well known to members of one speaking community, and unfamiliar for members of another one. For an English R “sir Galahad” is known as a night of King Arthur Round Table, and they can compare their interlocutors with this man:
(27) He rolled over and sat up, rubbing his eyes. "What time is it?" - "Almost noon", his brother answered. "You been playing Sir Galahad?”
A non-English R can not fully extract information from a situation:
(28) ... the usual sprinkling of those who eat mutton four times a week (J.Galsworthy).
For a Russian R this utterance does not mean anything concerning the social or financial status of the people. For a Kazakh R it has a positive meaning. For an English one it marks a low social and financial position of the people described, because mutton is the cheapest sort of meat in England.
Thus, despite the extra-linguistic character of the situation, its identification in an utterance has a number of peculiarities, characterising each language community. Such peculiarities influence the character of equivalence in rendering this part of the contents of the original.
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