It is called “Christ Pantocrator” - 15 век
It differes from icons we have just seen. Have a better look. The background is quite unusual.
We can see 3 geometrical shapes (romb, oval and square):
• A red rhomb symbolises Christ`s might
• The rhomb is inside the blue oval= the celestial sphere
• All that is inside the big red square = earth ( at that time they believed that earth was square in its shape )
So we have seen icons, in the R m there are 6000 icons.
May be you`ve got an impression that there are only icons in the Russian m. I must say of course there is somethimg else. There was a secular genre that was portraiture. But in Russia it was called `par`suna=”= the representation of a person.
now Let me show you a `secular painting.
This is the 2nd half of 17 th cen. - «Яков Тургенев»- rus. aristocrat
Here you can see very strong influence of icon painting.
Proportions are quite good. The face is depicted perfectly.
Quite flattened representation.
But Something wrong with the background. The painter wanted to fill it in and wrote down big letters. You can read the name of the person who is portrayed. Remember St George and St Nicolas icons with same signs.
So this parsuna is not bad. But if we compare it with portraits of later times, we can say that the quality is good but not the best. So there was somethimg to improve.
If we talk about the 17th cen, its known that in the 2nd half of it P1 became the Russian tsar. When he became the emperor, P1 went abroad. and he was in Europe, he saw that they had there, realized that there was a great difference between rus. painting and eur. painting. In Europe there were different genres. In Russia just portraiture and icon painting. He realized that Russia was behind Europe in its cultural development and he was to do something. He was a wise ruler and worked in 2 ways:
• invited foreigners to Russia, they were paid well and respected, some of them liked staying here. There was 1 condition: each foreigner had to teach at least 2 Russian masters free of charge.
Carlo Rastrelli the bust of P1
One of those foreigners was Carlo Rastrelli. He came with his son who later became a famous architect Franshesko Bartolomeo Rastrelli. But now I`d like to talk about the father.
Please notice this bust –the bust of P1.
It is know that Cralo Rastrelli was commissioned to create 2 monuments to P1.
One of them is the equestrian monument that we can see if we go to Michael’s Castle , just in front of it.
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The other one was to be a full-length statue. But what happened with it we don’t know. Whether it was executed or not.
This bust is a part of preparatory work for those 2 monuments.
So what do we see here?
P1 is represented as a ruler. That’s why he is depicted in armor and ermine cloak according to the rules that existed at that time.
Its remarkable for its striking personal likeness. Rastrelli used allegory which was very popular in the 18 th cen. Fro ex, on Pteter`s military breast-plates there is a man creating from stone the statue of “new Russia”. Moreover, you can see a scene from a decisive battle of the Northern war at Poltava.
CR was not the only foreigner who came to Russia. Quite many foreigners came to Russia. Among them was the fampus artist ЛуиКаравак who came from France. He was the first court painter in Russia. Portrayed all members of Royal family.
“Portrait of P1” - The portrait is quite physiological.
Here you can see the influence of Russian art onto the painter. No wonder that for a long time they believed that the portrait was made by Russian master.
P1 is in a military uniform of the Preobragensky regiment.
Ivan Nikitin (3 portraits in R m).
And above in the oval frame-you can see another 1) Portrait of P1 created by another court painter who was Russian- Ivan NikitinIf you compare the quality of these 2 portraits you cant see any difference, Mr Nikitin was also very talented.
Ivan Nikitinwas sent to Italy to study. After coming back He was appointed a court painter. He received a workshop from P1 that was called “at the blue bridge”
His father was a priest and a Confessor of the Russian royal family. That explains why his son was so close to P1. No wonder that he was called for immediately after P1’s death..
Now let me show you the portrait he created-2) “Portrait of P1 on the deathbed”
He was called for all of a sudden. So he didn’t have a prepared a canvas for it. So he had to use the canvas of another painting. Good quality of the portrait You can understand the attitude of the painter. You can see personal feelings of the painter. The emperor was so close and dear to him. He is depicted like he as asleep. We have got such an illusion due to the composition.
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3)“Portrait of young Elisabeth”
That’s the portrait of the Russian empress who is famous for the fact that she never put on the same dress twice.
We can see some features of rococo style. We can see a young pretty girl. Beautiful big eyes. Let me entertain you a little bit. If you look at her cheeks you may notice that they are a little bit plump. She received a proper education and the girls were taught how to speak beautifully, for that purpose they used a special method when girls were to speak keeping nuts in the month. So she probably has got nuts in her mouth.
Иван Вишняков “ Portrait of Sarah Eleonore Fairmore” 1750
Now welcome to another room and I will show the portrait of another girl.
I have to say that after Peter`s death there were quite a dif period for Russian artists, because foreigners prevailed. Nevertnerless,
There were some talented Russian painters.
And one of them was Иван Вишняков ( Lui Karacak ‘s disciple ) Who Specialized in portraiture
“ Portrait of Sarah Eleonore Fairmore” 1750
Russian painters were taught everything that was known in Europe. According to the rules it is an official portrait. She is dressed in her best. We can see a little lady who enjoys her life.
(A portrait of her brother is over there, but that one is much more interesting.)
The author learned and observed some features of rococo style, but here we can see a great influence of Russian painting as well. So, we can not say that is 100% rococo style.
Here you can see a young girl who is dressed as a lady. That’s the dream of any young girl from the family of high origin. It’s an official portrait. She is posing.
They were taught by foreign masters how to paint. There must be a classical column, a landscape and a curtain because there were some certain rules how the official portrait was to be created.
The girl’s face is depicted in every detail. Her eyes are so big. The face is very important for the painter because it shows the soul of a person. As for the body, it’s a container of different sins acoording to othodox church, that is why we do not see the body too well. We can just see the black toe of her shoe.
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Look at the folds of the dress. It looks like the pattern is separate from the fabric.
Alexis Antropov “ Portrait of Peter 3 “
Now let me show you the official portrait of the Russian emperor -Alexis Antropov ( disciple of Lui Karavak and Ivan Vishniakow )
“ Portrait of Peter 3 “ - an official portrait.
It was created according to all rules that existed in Europe at that time.
You can remember of. portraits that were created by Anthony Van Deik. Here you can see the same idea.
• There was to be a special monumental pose. We can perfectly see it here.
• P3 is dressed as an emperor.
• We can see some attributes of royal power ( for ex.: orders, an ermine cloak)
• The emperor is depicted from below just to make the Proportions of his figure better, more impressive. He looks taller.
• In the background you can see a classical column, a curtain and some elements of Landscape. That’s what the painters were taught.
But if you have a better look, you will realize that еhe painter must be very brave. Probably, he flattened the emperor, however, you can see quite narrow shoulders and the belly. What reaction was, unfortunately, we do not know.
След зал!!!! Now shall we talk about something dif. Let me show you some mosaics.
You are not in italy. You are in Russia and you know that Russian masters have been very good at mosaics. It came to our country with the Christianity, but it was forgotten for a while. And it was a great Russian scientist Michal Lomonosov who revived it. He conducted a lot of experiments. And here you can se the result of them.
“ Portrait of rus. empress Elisabeth “-unknown artist
It`s said that at that time Russian masters could produced more than 12.000 shades of colors. That’s smalti.- Roman mosaic technique. Here you can see tiny pieces of glass that were arranged according to a certain pattern.
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Do you see a huge tapestry on the left wall ?
Its obvious that if you are in R m, all tapestries were created by Russian masters. Russians were not worse than European masters. It was P1 who invited foreign masters and the tapestry manufacture was founded in Saint-Petersburg. Theu taught Russian masters. And you can see the result.
Here P1 on the horseback is represented during the most decisive battle of Northern war. I am talking about Poltava battle. You can see an eagle who is crowning P1 with the laurel wreath.
Обходим с правой стороны-Carlo Rastrelli –the sculpture of empress Anna Ioanovan and Arab boy
In the central part of the room you can see a sculpture of Anna Ioanovna (ruled for 10 years –black decade), P1’s niece. It weights more than 6 tons, that is why they had to strengthen the floor before exhibited it here/ It was planned to exhibit it in the Palace square. But by the time he finished it she had already died. So, it was not exhibited there.You can see a very tall lady, who is definitely not slim. Her face looks official. Her pose is very monumental.
As for her dress, it is decorated with a lot of precious stones and pearls.
Now let me entertain you a little bit . Mr Ratrelli was a foreigner and even foreign masters made mistakes from time to time.
Look at her feet. Everything is all right with her left feet. but she stands on her right leg. Is it possible to stand like this? You will fall down immediately.
Now let me show you something new in Russian Portrait painting -Portraits created by Fedor Rokotov.
He introduced a new period in Russian Portrait painting - the style of intimate, psychological portrait.
He worked out his own half-length composition, very simple and elegant, depicting three quarters of the figure and face against a dark background, often in oval.
He is often called “Russian Gainsborough” due to his style of painting. But he never was in England.
If you look at the way he portrayed the ladies, you will notice the same pose. Like they keep a secret, that they are not going to tell us. Look at their eyes, they are just a little bit closed. Look at their smile, they smile just a little bit. they look romantic and even mystical.
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