Further Education in Great Britain
After finishing secondary school or college you can apply to a university, polytechnic, college of education or you can continue to study in a college of further education. The academic year in Britain's universities, Polytechnics, Colleges of education is divided into 3 terms, which usually run from the beginning of October to the middle of December, the middle of January to the end of March, from the middle of April to the end of June or the beginning of July. There are 46 universities in Britain. The oldest and best-known universities are located in Oxford, Cambridge, London, Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Southampton, Cardiff, Bristol and Birmingham. Good A-level results in at least two subjects are necessary to get a place at a university. However, good exam passes alone are not enough. Universities choose their students after interviews. For all British citizens a place at a university brings with it a grant from their local education authority. English universities greatly differ from each other. They differ in date of foundation, size, history, tradition, general organization, methods of instruction, the way of students’ life.
16. Read the first part of the text about institutions of higher learning in Great Britain. Guess the name of the person in whose honour the most well-known scholarship for students is awarded in Europe nowadays.
Higher Educational Institutions of Great Britain
After three years of study a university graduate will leave with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, Science, Engineering, Medicine, etc. Later he may continue to take Master's degree and then a Doctor's degree. It goes without saying that research is an important feature of university work. The two intellectual eyes of Britain – Oxford and Cambridge Universities – date from the 12 and 13 centuries. They are known all over the world and are the oldest and most prestigious universities in Britain. They are often called collectively Oxbridge, but both of them are completely independent. Only education elite go to Oxford and Cambridge, most of their students are former public leavers.
The normal length of the degree course is 3 years, after which the students take the Degree of Bachelor of Arts or B.A. Some courses, such as languages and medicine, may be one or two years longer. The students may work for other degrees as well. The degrees are awarded at public degree ceremonies. Oxbridge cling to their traditions, such as the use of Latin at degree ceremonies. Full academic dress is worn at examinations. Oxbridge universities consist of a number of colleges. Each college is different, but in many ways they are alike, each has its name, its coat of arms, each is governed by a Master and offers teaching in a wide range of subjects. The largest ones have more than 400 members, the smallest ones-less than 30. Within the college one will normally find a chapel, a dining hall, a library, rooms for undergraduates, fellows, the Master and teaching purposes.
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Oxford is one of the oldest universities in Europe - the second largest in Britain, after London. The town of Oxford is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 911 AD and it was popular with the early English kings. The university's earlier charter is dated to 1213. There are now 24 colleges for men, five for women and another five both for men and women. Among the oldest colleges are University College (founded in 1249), All Souls (1438), Christ Church (1525). Cambridge University started during the 13th century and was grown until today. Now there are more than 30 colleges. They line the right bank of the Cam. There are beautiful college gardens with green lawns and lines of tall trees. The oldest college is Peter house (1284) and the most recent is Robinson College (1977), the most famous is King's College. The University was only for men until 1871, when the first women's college was opened. That was the first time in Britain woman could get good education officially. In the 1970s, most colleges opened their doors to both men and women. Almost all colleges are now mixed. Gifted men and women have studied or taught at the University of Oxford throughout its history. Among them are 26 British Prime Ministers, at least 30 international leaders, 50 Nobel Prize winners, and 120 Olympic medal winners.
Many great men studied at Cambridge too, among them are Desiderius Erasmus, the great Dutch scholar, Oliver Cromwell, the soldier, Newton, the scientist, and Kapitsa, the famous Russian physicist. The universities have over a hundred societies and clubs, enough for every interest one could imagine. Sport is a part of students' life at Oxbridge, the most popular ones are rowing and punting.
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17. Match the definitions with the underlined words from the text.
1. Holder of the second university degree;
2. A person who has already finished his studies and got a diploma;
3. A scientific, educational and cultural centre, as a rule it gives higher education to the citizens;
4. Senior students that haven’t got a diploma yet;
5. Having a lot of similar features;
6. A sport which is done on the boats moved by the use of oars;
7. A group in society considered to be superior;
8. To resist stopping the tradition;
9. Producing respect and influence;
10. Holder of the first university degree;
11. Person who has received the highest university degree;
12. Written or printed statement of rights.
18. Divide the text into logical parts, giving a title to each one.
19. Answer the questions:
1. What are the leading British Universities?
2. How long should you study to get a Bachelor’s degree?
3. What is one of the important features of university study?
4. What do these universities tend to do?
5. Who studies at Oxbridge?
6. What are the departments where you should study longer?
7. What is specific about colleges of Oxbridge?
8. What can one find within each college?
9. When is the town of Oxford mentioned first?
10. Who was it popular with?
11. When was Cambridge University founded?
12. What is the most famous college of Cambridge?
13. What can you see inside the College’s campus?
14. What happened in 1871?
15. Name those famous men who are the alumni of these universities.
20. As far as you know there are over forty universities in Great Britain. This extract is about other British universities. What groups of the universities can you distinguish?
The Scottish universities of St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen & Edinburgh date from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. In the nineteenth and the early part of the twentieth centuries the so-called Red Brick universities were founded. These include Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Sheffield, Birmingham and some others. During the late sixties and early seventies 'new' universities were set up. Sometimes they are called 'concrete and glass' universities. Among them are the universities of Sussex, York, East Anglia and some others. During these years the government set up 30 Polytechnics. The Polytechnics, like the universities, offer first and higher degrees. Some of them offer full-time and sandwich courses (for working students). Colleges of Education provide two-year courses in teacher education or sometimes three years if the graduate specializes in some particular subjects. Some of them who decide to leave school at the age of 16 may go to a further education college where they can follow a course in typing, engineering, town planning, cooking, or hairdressing, full-time or part-time. Further education colleges have strong ties with commerce and industry. There's an interesting form of studies which is called the Open University. It's intended for people who study in their own free time and who 'attend' lectures by watching TV and listening to the radio. They keep in touch by phone and letter with their tutors and attend summer schools. The Open University students have no formal qualifications and would be unable to enter ordinary universities. Some 80,000 overseas students study at British universities or further education colleges or train in nursing, law, banking or in industry.
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21. Complete these sentences using the information from the extract above. Translate them into Russian.
1. … ,… ,… , ... are the most famous Scottish universities.
2. …, …, … are called “The Redbrick universities”.
3. They were founded in ….
4. … were set up during the late sixties and early seventies.
5. The new universities are also called … or … .
6. The government … 30 Polytechnics.
7. The … offer first and higher … .
8. Colleges of Education usually provide … in teacher education.
9. If you decide to leave school at the age of 16 you may go to … .
10. There you may follow a course in …, …, …, …, or … .
11. … have strong ties with commerce and industry.
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12. One of the interesting forms of studies is called … .
13. The students of this university … … by watching TV and listening to the radio.
14. They have no …. . That’s why they are … to enter ordinary universities.
15. 80,000 … … study at British universities.
22. Apart from schools and universities there is another sector, which often gets forgotten – a sort of Cinderella of education system. Read this extract from “British Life and Institutions” and say what sort of learning these establishments give to students. Is there a system similar to the English FE colleges in your country?
Further Education Colleges
In fact, there are almost as many students at further education colleges as at university, and these colleges perform some very important functions.
Some pupils from school prefer not to stay there to do their A levels, but to move to a nearby FE college. Going there has two main attractions. First, there is a wider choice of A level subjects, including Law, Computing and Sociology; and second, there is a much freer, more adult atmosphere than at school.
Another group of pupils – those who are not happy with the academic study involved at A levels, who want to do a vocational course which leads quickly to a job. FE colleges offer all sorts of work-related courses, from Car Mechanics to Dental Nursing, which give students NVQs (National Vocational Qualifications).
Then there are those who leave school at the age of 16 and go straight into a job, but later on realize that they need higher qualifications. Quite a lot of people in their mid-20s or older come back into education at an FE college and take a one-year Access course; this gets them into university, where they are often more successful than younger students because they are more serious and focused.
FE colleges also offer English-language courses to foreign visitors; in some ways they are a better learning environment than specialized language schools, as the visitors mix with all the British students around them.
23. Speak on the topic “Higher education in Great Britain”.
24. Make a project about the system of higher education in the USA.
Conversational Formulas
Discussion
Shall we start? – Начнем?
Ladies and gentlemen, I think we should begin. – Дамы и господа, я думаю, мы можем начать.
First …, second …, third … – Во-первых, … во-вторых, … в-третьих.
Let’s move on. – Давайте продолжим.
Shall we continue? – Продолжим?
May I interrupt you to say that … – Разрешите мне прервать Вас и сказать, что … .
I am afraid I don’t get the point. – Боюсь, что я не понимаю сути дела.
With all due respect I have to contradict. – При всем уважении я должен возразить.
I really appreciate your advice. – Я высоко ценю Ваш совет.
To present a paper/ report on the subject … – представить доклад на тему … .
My report deals with … – мое сообщение касается … .
To come to a conclusion… – прийти к выводу.
25. Make a report on British, Russian or American system of higher education.
26. Divide into groups of 3–4 people. Discuss different systems of higher education (American, British, Russian) and be ready to speak about their differences and similarities.
27. Arrange a conference to discuss specific features of different educational systems.
Word Formation
The most common suffixes to form adjectives from nouns and verbs are:
-y (-ly) – full of or covered with…; tending to…; like o typical of …;
-ic (-ical) – of, like or connected with …;
-ful – full of …; having the quality of …; causing …;
-less – without …;
-able – having the stated quality or condition;
28. Make the derivatives from the following words. Translate them into Russian.
Academy, success, end, symbol, fear, optimist, sun, base, month, care, word, dirt, enjoy, remark.
Grammar
Perfect Tenses
29. Define the tense form of the verbs and translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. She has had much work this week. 2. He has written his test paper well. 3. Have you ever read English books in the original? 4. Have you answered these questions yet? 5. Many new novels have been translated into English. 6. The newspaper will have been delivered by 6 a.m. 7. How long have you been learning Arabic? 8. The problem of folklore festivals has not been touched upon yet. 9. The report had been written before the arrival of the chief. 10. The student will have passed the exam in the History of Linguistics by the end of the week. 11. He had left the city by that time. 12. Has she been to any book exhibition this year? 13. The experiment had been completed by that time yesterday. 14. The lecturer has been listened to inattentively. 15. This magazine will have been returned by this time tomorrow. 16. Will the work have been finished by September?
30. Choose the correct form of the verbs in brackets and translate the sentences. Consult the Grammar Support if necessary.
1. He (has, have been, will have) read the book on poetry by the end of the next week. 2. By the time he was 25 he (had, has, will have) become a Doctor of Philosophy. 3. The room (has, had, will have) not been slept in for many years. 4. Many new interesting magazines (has been, have been, will have) published by now. 5. The lecture (have, have been, will have been) delivered by this time tomorrow. 6. Their test (has been, had been, will have) written by 2 o’clock yesterday.
31. Make these sentences negative and interrogative. Mind the usage of already and yet.
1. He has already been awarded a Bachelor’s degree. 2. The course has been just finished. 3. We’ll have passed our exam by this time. 4. They’ve been together for five years. 5. She’s known me since we were seven. 6. It’ll have been found until Monday. 7. The teacher has already checked everything. 8. We’ve never heard of this name. 9. He has greatly widened his knowledge of Phonology.
32. Make the sentences passive.
1. Your friends have invited you to dinner. 2. Someone has given me this book. 3. They have staged Shakespeare’s plays. 4. He has put the clock on the shelf. 5. She has lost her dictionary. 6. Nobody has ever written about her. 7. They had sent for the doctor by 4 p.m. 8. We had passed exams before he arrived. 9. By this time I will have received the letter. 10. It surprised me that they had completed their research.
33. Choose the correct preposition.
1. I haven’t seen her (for, since) two months.
2. They have been married (for, since) 2004.
3. She’s worked for this company (for, since) three years.
4. Henry hasn’t been home (for, since) last summer.
5. They’ve known each other (for, since) their childhood.
6. This story hasn’t been published (for, since) 1960.
7. He hasn’t been paid (for, since) four weeks.
8. This house has not been renovated (for, since) a whole decade.
34. Ask your partner about places given below to know if he/she has been to these places.
Model: Have you ever been to Tokyo?
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