Higher Education in the English-Speaking Countries
1. Before reading the text answer the questions:
a) How do you understand a term “higher education”?
b) Why is it necessary for a person to be educated?
Read the text and think over the question asked in the title.
Is Higher Education Right For You?
Higher education could boost your career prospects and earning potential, while giving you the chance to immerse yourself in a subject that really interests you – and get involved in lots of other activities. Higher education is about taking your education to the next level: learning new things and getting to where you want to be. A higher education qualification could help you take charge of your future by developing skills and confidence and opening up new opportunities – whatever stage of life you're at. Even if no one else you know is thinking about going into higher education, it could still be the right choice for you. There are currently over two million higher education students in the UK. Higher education courses are offered at around 130 universities and higher education colleges, and many further education colleges. With more than 50,000 courses in a variety of academic and work-related subjects – including many that let you combine more than one subject – there's bound to be one that suits you.
2. Practice reading these words, mind the stress, translate them using the English-Russian Dictionary.
Higher education, career, boost, earn, potential, immerse, involve, qualification, charge, further, confidence, currently, bound, suit.
3. Consult the EE dictionary and explain the meaning of underlined words.
4. Paraphrase these sentences using appropriate words and expressions which are underlined in the text on page 80.
1. Would you leave the next piece of information in your message, please?
2. There is a wide range of different special courses at the faculty of Philology and Journalism.
3. You may attend lectures as well as seminars.
4. Learning foreign languages can strengthen your confidence and career prospects.
5. At universities most students are usually engaged into different activities.
6. He has devoted all his free time to studying English Literature of the 20th century.
7. Getting a Master’s degree is the next stage of higher learning.
8. Discussing literary works improves your ability to analyse literature.
9. You’ll have to take responsibility for meeting the foreign guests.
10. This size of the uniform is just for you.
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11. As our mother is a housewife the father works much to get enough money.
12. If you want to become a reporter you’ll have to take certain training.
Correlative Conjunctions
| Either … or… | - либо … либо … |
| Neither … nor … | - ни … ни … |
| Both … and … | - как … так и … |
e.g. 1)He is eithera teacher or a writer. – Он либо преподаватель, либо писатель.
2) He is neithera teacher nora writer. – Он ни преподаватель, ни писатель.
3) He is both a teacher and a writer. – Он как преподаватель, так и писатель.
5. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying special attention to correlative conjunctions.
1. Both Nick and Ann were late.
2. I was both hungry and tired when I arrived home.
3. Neither Liz nor Mary came to the party.
4. She said that she would contact me but she neither wrote nor phoned.
5. I am not sure where he is from. He is either Spanish or Italian.
6. Either you apologise or I’ll never speak to you again.
7. He neither smokes nor drinks.
8. The film was both long and boring.
9. That man’s name is either Richard or Robert.
10. We can leave either today or tomorrow.
11. I’ve got neither time nor money to go on holiday.
12. The cat is either in the kitchen or in the hall.
13. She speaks neither French nor German.
14. He reads either The Times or The Guardian.
15. She likes both science fiction and detective stories.
16. They have been both to England and America.
6. Read the text and translate it into Russian.
Higher Education in Great Britain
Higher education is provided at universities and polytechnics and other establishments of higher and further education. Polytechnics prepare students for particular jobs in science and industry. Today there are more than forty universities in Britain. The two oldest universities in England are Oxford and Cambridge. These date from the Middle Ages. Oxford is the oldest of these two universities. It pays more attention to philosophy, classical languages and literature. The history of Oxford began in 1249, that of Cambridge – in 1348. Among the English universities Oxford and Cambridge have a special eminence.
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All British universities are private institutions. Every university is independent, and responsible to its own governing council. Although they all receive financial support from the state, the Department of Education and Science has no control over their regulations, curriculum, examinations, appointment of staff, or the way they spend money.
Each university decides every year how many students it supposes to admit. Most British universities have no special entrance examinations now. Students are accepted on the basis of their result of General Certificate of Secondary Education at ordinary (O) level or advanced (A) level. Minimum entrance requirements for British universities are five passes: three passes at “O” level and two passes at “A” level. The students receive grants from public and private funds, which provide for the payment of their tuition fees and other expenses.
Most students take jobs in summer for about six weeks, but they do not do outside work during academic session.
Normally it takes 3 or 4 years to graduate from the university. About a quarter of students read science, about a fifth read arts subjects and social studies, a slightly smaller proportion – engineering, medicine and dentistry. Students have lectures and tutorials. Each student has a tutor who is responsible for the student’s progress.
Students of the first, second and third years of study are called undergraduates. Those students who pass examinations at the end of their third or fourth year get Bachelor’s degree. Generally, the Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree is regarded as a preparation for further graduate or professional study. The Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) is regarded as a preparation for immediate professional work. After graduation any student (he is called a graduate then) may get a Master’s degree. This degree is conferred for a thesis based on at least one year’s full time work. But it is necessary for a postgraduate to spend three years carrying out research and writing thesis for getting the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).
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The universities have their own traditions, which they preserve carefully. A student must wear a cap and a gown. It is a custom from the time when students were clergymen. Students correctly dressed have their meals in the college dining room and mustn’t be late for dinner. Sporting activities are very popular.
Many great men studied at Cambridge and Oxford. Roger Bacon, the philosopher, John Milton, the poet, Isaac Newton, the scientist, John Galsworthy, the writer, Iris Murdoch, philosopher and writer, Adam Smith, political economist, are also among the alumni. Many prominent Conservative and Labour leaders and ministers, members of the Royal family studied there too.
7. Translate the following words into Russian.
Provide, polytechnics, further, industry, philosophy, council, among, science, curriculum, special, requirements, quarter, slightly, tutor, bachelor, generally, confer, carefully, wear, gown, clergyman, preserve, alumni.
8. Give other words of the same root.
Depend, response, govern, exam, appoint, pay, normal, dentist, graduate, prepare, read, establish, general, slight, act, depart.
9. Give the English for .
Высшее образование, общественные фонды, выдающиеся лидеры, сдать экзамен, учебный план университета, получать стипендию, степень бакалавра, среди них, основать, контроль над правилами, назначение штата сотрудников, тратить деньги, требовать, писать диссертацию, королевская семья, удовлетворительная оценка, магистр искусств, получить степень бакалавра естественных наук, выпускник, выполнять исследовательскую работу, аспирант, присуждать звание, сохранять традиции, носить шапочку и мантию, вступительные экзамены, изучать гуманитарные науки, быть ответственным перед, получать финансовую поддержку, плата за обучение.
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10. Suggest the Russian equivalents for the following.
To provide higher education, particular job, to date from the Middle ages, to pay attention to philosophy, special eminence, although, financial support, to spend money, at ordinary level, to receive grants, to study art subjects, to confer a degree, to carry out research, to write a thesis, to preserve traditions, to have meals, correctly dressed, five passes, alumni.
11. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Support your judgement .
1.Polytechnics prepare students for social work. 2. The two oldest universities of Great Britain are the universities of London and Manchester. 3. Oxford pays much attention to art subjects. 4. All British universities receive financial support from the state. 5. Three passes at “O” level and two passes at ”A” level are necessary to enter the university. 6. Students receive grants from public to private funds. 7. It is necessary to write a thesis to get the Bachelor of Arts degree. 8. The degree of Doctor of Philosophy is conferred after the graduation from the university. 9. Oxford students must wear casual clothes at the university. 10. All members of the Royal family studied at Cambridge.
12. Fill in the missing words.
Universities, polytechnics and … provide higher education in Great Britain. Today there are … forty universities in Britain. Oxford … to philosophy, classical languages and literature. Every university is independent, and responsible to its own … . Students are accepted … their result of GCSE at ordinary (O) level or advanced (A) level. As a rule, it takes 3 or 4 years … from the university. All students have tutors who are responsible for the student’s … . Students … at the end of their third or fourth year and get Bachelor’s degree.
13. Answer the following questions:
1.How many universities are there in Great Britain? 2. What are the oldest British universities? 3. What universities have a special eminence among all British universities? 4. British universities are private institutions, aren’t they? 5. How long do studies at the university last? 6. What university degrees can a graduate be awarded? 7. When is the Bachelor’s degree awarded? 8. What is the Master of Arts degree conferred for? 9. When is the Doctor of Philosophy degree awarded? 10. What are the special traditions in Oxbridge? 11. Who are the famous alumni of these two universities?
14. Translate these sentences into English.
1.В Британии высшее образование можно получить в университетах и политехнических вузах. 2. Старейшие университеты Великобритании, история которых началась в 13–14 веках, – Оксфорд и Кембридж. 3. Они имеют особый статус среди всех британских вузов. 4. Каждый университет является независимым учреждением. 5. Все вузы получают финансовую поддержку от государства, но они сами распоряжаются своими финансами. 6. Министерство образования и науки не может контролировать их деятельность. 7. Каждый университет сам решает, сколько студентов он набирает. 8. Студентов принимают в зависимости от количества баллов в аттестате о среднем образовании. 9. В университете учатся 3–4 года. 10. По окончании выпускники получают степень бакалавра. 11. После получения степени бакалавра выпускник может получить степень магистра. 12. Он должен заниматься научной деятельностью как минимум в течение года. 13. Такие знаменитые англичане, как Исаак Ньютон, Джон Милтон, Джон Голсуорси, Адам Смит и многие другие, были выпускниками Оксфорда и Кембриджа.
15. When reading the text about further education in Great Britain answer the following questions:
a) Where can one apply after finishing secondary school?
b) How is the academic year in British universities divided?
c) What marks are necessary to get a place at the university? Are they enough to be admitted?
d) In which areas do British universities differ from each other?
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