Exercise 9. Fill in the gaps with the words given in brackets:
UNIT 2
IMPRISONMENT
Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words:
Word List
Confinement – ув'язнення, позбавлення волі
Convicted – засуджений
Felony – кримінальний злочин
Offender – злочинець, правопорушник, порушник
Exile – вигнання
Execution – розстріл, страта
Corporal punishment - Тілесне покарання
Imprisonment – ув'язнення, позбавлення волі, замкнення
Minor offender – Неповнолітній правопорушник
Segregation – відокремлення
Inmates – Ув'язнені
Solitary confinement – одиночне ув'язнення
Penitent – злочинець, що розкаюється
Prolonged isolation – Тривала ізоляція
Individual cells – Окремі камери
Release – звільнення
Sufficient freedom – Достатня свобода
Severity – жорстокість
Clearly articulated - Чітко сформульовані
Deterrence – залякування, утримання
Retribution – відплата
Penology – пенологія
Exercise 2. Match the pairs of words with opposite meaning (antonyms).
A. 1. Sufficient; 2. deterrence; 3. severity; 4. retribution; 5. release; 6. isolation; 7. penitent; 8. confinement; 9. execution; 10. felony.
B. 1. Law observance; 2. oblivion; 3. gentleness; 4. insufficient; 5. remission; 6. impenitent; 7. freedom; 8. consolation; 9.imprisonment; 10. inclusion.
Exercise 3. Match the words on list A with their synonyms on list B.
A. 1. A prison; 2. institution; 3. crime; 4. penalty; 5. trial; 6. inmates; 7. opposition; 8. agitation; 9. reformation; 10. severity.
B. 1. Offence; 2. resistance; 3. disturbance; 4. jail; 5. cruelty; 6. establishment; 7. sentence; 8. ordeal; 9. prisoner; 10. improvement.
Exercise 4. Match the words with definitions.
| 1. Place where law cases are held. | a) appeal |
| 2. Legal question to be decided in a law court | b) law |
| 3. Examination in a law court before a judge. | c) ordinance |
| 4. Take a question to a higher court for hearing a new decision. | d) sue |
| 5. Allowed by law, according to law. | e) court |
| 6. Make a legal claim against. | f) trial |
| 7. Rule made by authority for the proper regulation of society. | g) case |
| 8. Inquire into a case in a court of law. | h) try |
| 9. Of or by a court of justice. | i) judgement |
| 10. An action or official decision which can be used to give legal support to later actions or decisions. | j) lawful |
| 11. Start legal proceedings against. | k) prosecute |
| 12. (Give) a decision after trial. | l) judicial |
| 13. Order, rule, statute made by authority or decree. | m) precedent |
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Exercise 5. Read and translate the text.
Development of the Prison System
A prison is the institution for the confinement of persons convicted of major crimes or felonies. In the 19th and the 20th centuries imprisonment replaced corporal punishment, execution, and banishments the chief means of punishing serious offenders.
Historically exile, execution, and various forms of corporal punishment were the most common penalties for criminal acts.
In the 12th century England jails were widely used as places for the confinement of accused persons until their cases could be tried by the king’s court. Imprisonment gradually came to be accepted not only as a device for holding persons awaiting trial, but also as a means of punishing convicted criminals.
During the 16th century a number of houses of correction were established in England and on the continent for the reform of minor offenders. In these institutions there was little segregation by age, sex, or other condition. The main emphasis was on strict discipline and hard labour.
Although reformation of offenders was intended in the houses of correction, the unsanitary conditions and lack of provisions for the welfare of the inmates soon produced widespread agitation for further changes in methods of handling criminals. Solitary confinement of criminals became an ideal among the rationalist reformers of the 18th century, who believed that solitude would help the offender to become penitent and that penitence would result in reformation.
Meanwhile, strenuous opposition to the prolonged isolation of prisoners developed very early, especially in the United States. A competing philosophy of prison management, known as the “silent system” was developed. The main distinguishing feature of the silent system was that prisoners were allowed to work together in the daytime. Silence was strictly enforced at all times, however, and at night the prisoners were confined in individual cells.
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Further refinements were developed in Irish prisons in the mid-1800s. Irish inmates progressed through three stages of confinement before they were returned to civilian life. The first portion of the sentence was served in isolation. Then the prisoners were allowed to associate with other inmates in various kinds of work projects. Finally, for six months or more before release, the prisoners were transferred to “intermediate prisons”, where inmates were supervised by unarmed guards and given sufficient freedom and responsibility to permit them to demonstrate their fitness for release. Release was also conditional upon the continued good conduct of the offender, who could be returned to prison if necessary.
These were the steps made to fit the severity of the punishment to the severity of the crime, in the belief that the existence of clearly articulated and just penalties would act as a deterrent to crime. Since then, deterrence, rather than retribution has become a leading principle of European penology.
Exercise 6. Answer the following questions:
1. What is a prison?
2. When did imprisonment replace corporal punishment?
3. What were the most common penalties for criminal acts?
4. When were established the houses of correction in England?
5. What was the main purpose of the houses of correction?
6. What is the “silent system”?
7. What was developed in Irish prisons?
8. What was the purpose of “intermediate prisons”?
9. What was conditional upon the continued good conduct?
10. What has become a leading principle of European penology?
Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations from English into Ukrainian:
Confinement of persons, corporal punishment, common penalties, serious offenders, cases could be tried, chief means of punishing, awaiting trial, minor offenders, segregation by age, hard labour, reformation of offenders, widespread agitation, strenuous opposition, prolonged isolation, distinguishing feature.
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Exercise 8. Translate the following word combinations from Ukrainian into English:
Тяжкий злочин, вигнання, підсудна особа, ув’язнення, місце для утримання осіб, в'язень, сувора дисципліна, одиночне ув'язнення, розкаятися, режим мовчання в тюрмах, суворо регламентований, подальше удосконалення, до звільнення, проміжні в’язниці, тяжкість злочину.
Exercise 9. Fill in the gaps with the words given in brackets:
1. Further … were developed in Irish prisons in the mid-1800s.
2. Solitary … of criminals became an ideal among the rationalists of the 18th century.
3. A competing philosophy, known as the “… system” was developed.
4. A number of houses of … were established in England.
5. Penitence would result in … .
6. Silence was strictly … at all times.
7. The first portion of the … was served in isolation.
8. … was also conditional upon the continued good conduct of the offender.
9. The … were allowed to associate with other inmates.
10. The main feature of the silent system was that the prisoners were allowed to work together in the … .
11. A prison is the … for the confinement of the persons convicted of major crimes and felonies.
(Confinement, release, daytime, institution, sentence, prisoners, reformation, enforced, correction, silent, refinements).
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