TRADITIONAL UKRAINIAN ORNAMENTS
Folk jeweller's craftsmanship is a brilliant chapter in the history of Ukrainian art. It is impossible to fancy a festive Ukrainian costume without various ornaments.
Both men and women wear it. It became an integral part of women's clothes.
Red necklaces and beads, coloured ''herdany" (necklaces with coral beads), "sylianky" (strings of beads or pearls), "dukachi" - gold coin ornaments, rings and ear-rings made an artistically expressive accent in the general pattern of clothes.
Striking perfection of the wonderful masterpieces created by the craftsmen of Kyivan Rus lived on in people's memory. This perfection has become a model for further development.
Goldsmithery saw its rapid development in the 16-18th cc. Besides the rings and ear-rings they started making "dukachi" (from Italian 'ducao' - a coin), which became the favourite ornament among women and girls
In Ukraine the ornaments were made of coins decorated various rosettes and fanciful bows. They were cast, gilt, often had a small piece of colour glass in the middle and had an eye for hanging.
Especially fine "dukachi" were made by jewellers from the Slobdian Ukraine and Katerynoslav Region (now Kharkiv and Dnipropetrovsk regions).
At the beginning of the 20th century, in Poltava Region, they were fond of ear-rings whose shape reminded one of little leeches, ducklings, small berries, or poppy heads.
Also popular were small blown circles and flai "rolls" in the shap crescent with a simple carved ornamentation.
Among the Chemihiv region's centers of jewelry were Nizhyn, Baturyn, (Glukhiv, and Berezna where they used to make rings and earrings of different shapes: "pendants", "acotns", ."burdocks.", "serpens", "wedges", etc.
The most popular custom in the Central Ukraine was that to wear necklaces, or beads. This ancient ornament is to be found in numerous folk legends and traditions.
Beads varied in materia! colour, shape and ways of wearing. Much valued were beads made of valuable natural materials such as amber smalt or corals. Those made of corals were especially valuable and called "true beads".
In the Right-Bank Ukraine, a big bead in the center of a string would be covered with a silver winding. In the Left-Bank Ukraine they would thread "reefs" - silver beads. The number of strings spoke of prosperity of its owner. In some localities, they would add silver coins to the corals and also wear "dukachi".
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In the Forecarpathian, Transcarpathian and Podillia regions they used to wear neck ornaments made of beads in the forth of narrow strips, such us "herdany", "selianky" or "drabynky" (ladder-pattern ornaments). In every locality they had their own features, but always combined with embroidery.
In the western region of Ukraine leather belts and adornments to them (buckles, small copper clasps) also belonged to the creations of jeweller's art.
Today, live nice and glorious traditions of folk jewellery find their further development in the work, of modern masters. [19, p. 85]
Text 7
UKRAINIAN CINEMA
Tne history of the Ukrainian cinema dates back to 1893 when in Odessa a cinema device was designed. The first Ukrainian documentary films were made by a photographer from Kharkiv A.K. Fedetskyi.
In 1909 an actor O.M, Oleksiienko made feature films in Kharkiv. The first Ukrainian cameraman D. Sakhnenko made films in Katerynoslav. Bis best films included "Charwoman", "Natalka-Poltavka", "Bohdan Klimelnytskyi" and others. In 1918 a Studio of the Screen Am was organized in Kyiv. The producers of thai time were V.Gardin. H.Stabovyi and A. Lundin. O. Dovzhenko made the Ukramiun cinema known in the world.
Oleksandr Petrovych Dovzhenko (1894-1956) was bom in the village of Sosnylsia in Chemihiv region. In 1914 he graduated horn the Gltikhiv Pedagogical Institute. In 1917-1919 he was a student of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts.
In 1926-28 he worked in the Odessa cinema factory. In 1928 he made a film "Zvenyhora". In 1929 he came to work in the Kyiv Film Studio and released a film "Arsenal". In 1930 he made a film "Zemlia" (Land). At the World exhibition in Brussels in 1958 the film"Land" was estimated as one of the best films of all times and peoples.
Since 1946 Oleksandr Dovzhenko worked in the "Mosfihn" studio and created many documentary films. He created a cinema story" A Tale of Flame Years" in 1944, and the 'Poem about the Sea" - a story about the builders of the Kakhovka Hydro Power station.
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Oleksandr Dovzhenko was the author of an autobiographic story "The Spellbound Desna" which was published in 1957 after his death.
In 1957 the Kyiv Film Studio was named after Oleksandr Dovzhenko.
In the post war years new films were created: "Taras Shevchenko" (producer I.Savchenko), "The Perish of the Squadron" (producer V. Dovgan), "The Shadows of Forgotten Forefathers' (producer C. Paradzhanov).
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