Structural classification of the sentence. The simple sentence.
Simple sentences (one-member and two-member sentences).
Composite sentences (compound and complex sentences).
Complete and elliptical sentences.
According to their structure all sentences are divided into simple and composite sentences. Simple sentences are divided into two-member and one-member sentences. A two-member sentence has two members – a subject and a predicate. If one of them is missing it can be easily understood from the context. A one-member sentence is a sentence having only one member which is neither the subject nor the predicate. This does not mean, however, that the other member is missing, for the one member makes the sense complete. One-member sentences are generally used in descriptions and in emotional speech. If the main part of a one-member sentence is expressed by a noun, the sentence is called nominal. The noun may be modified by attributes. The main part of a one-member sentence is often expressed by an infinitive.
E.g. Dusk – of a summer night. (Dreiser)
Freedom! Bells ringing out, flowers, kisses, wine. (Heym)
To die out there – lonely, wanting them, wanting home! (Galsworthy)
A two-member sentence may be complete or incomplete. It is complete when it has a subject and a predicate. It is incomplete when one of the principal parts or both of them are missing, but can be easily understood from the context. Such sentences are called elliptical and are mostly used in colloquial speech and especially in dialogue.
Simple sentences, both two-member and one-member, can be unextended and extended. A sentence consisting only of the primary or principal parts is called an unextended sentence. An extended sentence is a sentence consisting of the subject, the predicate and one or more secondary parts (objects, attributes, or adverbial modifiers).
General characteristics of the composite sentence.
The composite sentence is formed by two or more predicative lines. Being a polypredicative construction, it expresses a complicated act of thought, i.e. an act of mental activity which falls into two or more intellectual efforts closely combined with one another. In terms of situations and events this means that the composite sentence reflects two or more elementary situational events viewed as making up a unity; the constitutive connections of the events are expressed by the constitutive connections of the predicative lines of the sentence, i.e. by the sentential polypredication. Each predicative unit in a composite sentence makes up a clause in it, so that a clause as part of a composite sentence corresponds to a separate sentence as part of a contextual sequence.
|
|
|
The problem of the composite S: how to define it, how to know it from simple sentence. (1) the simple S is monopredicative, => has only 1 predicative line (center). The predicative line includes the subject + predicate. (2) the composite S is polypredicative => > than 1 predicative lines or centers, reflects 2 or > situational events, and each predicative center makes up a clause of its own. Semi-composite S. How to distinguish? “He waved his hand and went away”. – the S nominates 2 situational events but we can’t find 2 predicative centers in it as there is 1 subject & 1 clause => semi-composite (Blokh’s term) are intermediate between simple & composite. Main features of the composite sentence: 1) a polypredicative unit, 2) is characterized by a communicative wholeness => has 1 communicative intention, 3) is characterized by intonational wholeness, all are interconnected, 4) characteristic of literary written style, rarely used in oral speech, in conversations. Types of composite sentences: Acc. to the type of connection of clauses we can distinguish betw. complex &compound sentences. In compound sent-s the type of connection of clauses is coordination (i.e. syntactically the clauses are of equal rank). In complex sent-s the type of connection of clauses is subordination & clauses are of unequal rank (principal and subordinate). The means of combining clauses: syndetic & asyndetic. Syndetic => conj-s, relative pron-s (who, which), relative adv-s (where, how, when, why), phrases (as long as, in order that). If asyndetically => there are no connectives betw. the clauses. Some grammarians say, “the zero connector”. Поспелов believes that on a higher level of classif-n all composite sent-s should be divided into syndetic & asyndetic & on the lower level syndetic composite sentences only should be divided into composite & complex. Classific-n of subord. clauses: 2 approaches: (1) shows correlation of clauses with parts of the sentence => a) the subject clause, b) the predicative, c) object, d) adverbial, e) attributive. (2) correlates clauses with parts of speech & distinguishes: a) substantive clause – corresponding to subj., predic. & object clauses, b) adverbial clauses, c) adjectival clauses – corresponding to attribute cl. These 2 classifications correlate!!!
|
|
|
Дата добавления: 2019-01-14; просмотров: 3377; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!