The problem of polysemy, homonymy and synonymy of mood forms.
Is the form knew the same or a different grammatical form in:
I knew everything (theIndicative); If I knew about it (Subjunctive II).
If we assume that they are different forms, we shall have to admit that we deal with homonymy here.
But If we assume that they are the same Indicative mood form in a special function or syntactical environment, we shall have to admit that we deal with the polysemy of the form knew. So, it is a matter OF SUBJECTIVE OPINION of the student,since so far there are no objective criteria to solve the problem of homonymy or polysemy in such cases.
Prof. Plotkin completely denies the existenceof the category of mood in English.
Here is a case of neutralization of an opposition between Future in-the –Past and the Conditional mood, e.g.: She hinted that that the play would be improved by cutting.
Conclusion.
As a matter of fact, in English there is no system of the Subjunctive mood forms, but there is a set of synonymic but not always interchangeable forms. Their mutual non-interchangeability is determined by the fact that the usage of certain individual forms is distributed in accordance with the syntactical structure and some of them are used only in definite lexical surroundings (i.e. they have their own distribution). Beyond the definite structure, the form itself and by itself is not an indicator of this or that subjunctive mood variety. The subjunctive mood forms are always homonymous with Indicative mood forms, excepting:
e.g. He be, he go, I/ he were.
Evidently, this homonymy of forms was the reason for the fact that in English the forms came to be fastened and attached to (закреплены ) certain syntactic structures.
Lecture 13.
Categories of person and number of the verb
s-ending of the 3-rd person Present Indefinite singular
| singular | - | + |
| plural | + | - |
| number Part of the Sentence | subject | predicate |
| Pro/noun | A verb |
E.g. A child studies /plays/ speaks/goes.
Children study/play/speak/go.
Lecture 4.
The English noun.
Its semantic and grammatical properties.( Навчальный посибник з теории англ мови ) –P.43-47
Lecture 13.
Non-finite forms of the verb, their nominal and verbal features.
(Навчальный посибник з теории англ мови – P . 55-56, Ilyish . - P . 130-132)
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| the Gerund = Participle I | ||
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite Perfect | Writing Having written | Being written Having been written |
| NB.: Neither in the Gerund, nor in the Participle do we find Continuous forms. Thus, category of aspect is not realized here. | ||
| Participle II |
| Passive (only past) |
| Asked, made, decided, seen |
| the Infinitive | ||
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous | To write To be writing To have written To have been writing | To be written ------------ To have been written ------------------ |
| the Infinitive | ||
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite::Contin. Perfect::P. Contin. | To write::To be writing To have written::To have been writing | To be written To have been written |
| The Infinitive has the category of aspect, viz.: the common & the Continuous aspect | ||
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the Gerund & the Participle | ||
| speaking :: having spoken being spoken :: having been spoken | It is the category of correlation which finds its expression here. | |
| The 1-st column forms have no pattern “have + P. II” | The 2-nd column forms have the pattern “have + P II” | It is the category of correlation which finds its expression here. |
In the Infinitive we find the following oppositions:
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the Infinitive | ||
| To speak :: to have spoken To be speaking :: to have been speaking | It is the category of correlation which finds its expression here. | |
| The 1-st column forms have no pattern “have + P II” | The 2-nd column forms have the pattern “have + P II” | category of correlation appears in all forms of the verb, both finite & non-finite, except the Imperative. |
| The unmarked item | The marked item | |
| Both in meaning and in form | ||
NB.: Since the verbals are hardly ever the predicate of the Sentence, they do not express the category of tense in the way the finite forms do (in the indicative mood only)
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VOICE in Verbals
Like the finites, the verbals have a distinction between active and passive, as will be seen from the following oppositions, viz.:
To read :: to be read
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