МОСКОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ГУМАНИТАРНЫЙ
УНИВЕРСИТЕТ им. М.А.Шолохова
Кафедра английского языка Курс ГАК
Наименование дисциплины английский язык
Приложение к экзаменационному билету № 11
BRAZIL is by far the largest tropical rain forest, with one third of the world total. With 55.000 species of flowering plants, half of which occur only in Brazilian Amazonia, it also has a greater richness of flora than any other country in the world.
As everybody knows, it is now also responsible for the greatest destruction of rain forest.
Destruction is out-pacing the botanical inventory: plants are disappearing faster than we can record them. Tropical rain forests contain an incomparable diversity of life, with about 155,000 of the 250,000 known species of plants. There are from five to twenty times more tree species in the rain forests than in the same area of temperate forests. As many as 50 per cent of all insects live only in rain forests. A study of Peruvian forests revealed 41,000 different insect species including 12,000 kinds of beetle, in one part of the tree canopy. An estimated 60,000 plant species are thought to be in danger of extinction, or near extinction, by the mid-21st century if the present trend of destruction continues. And for every plant that becomes extinct there are an estimated 20 dependent insects.
The rain forest is the world's richest repository of medicinal plants, yet only two per cent of the world's flowering plants have so far been investigated for their chemical properties. Some of those that have been studied have produced treatments for cancer. The Madagascan periwinkle, for example, yields a treatment for leukaemia in children.
At least 1400 tropical forest plants are believed to have some potential application against cancer. In all, five per cent of plants could have some medicinal use. The forest clearances could snuff out a large proportion of these - including, potentially, a cure for Aids.
Many of the standard drugs on the chemist's shelf originated in rain forest plants. Curare, the coating for poisoned arrows, is a muscle relaxant. The calabar bean of West Africa is used in the treatment of glaucoma. The levan berry of South-East Asia is used to relieve schizophrenic convulsions. Dental cement is made from the balsams of Latin America.
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Экзаменационный билет утвержден на заседании кафедры
« »___________2010г. Зав. кафедрой ___________
МОСКОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ГУМАНИТАРНЫЙ
УНИВЕРСИТЕТ им. М.А.Шолохова
Кафедра английского языка Курс ГАК
Наименование дисциплины английский язык
Приложение к экзаменационному билету № 10
The last thing the average communicator wants to do is communicate. Communication is directed at a true meeting of minds, whereas what most people intend is paracommunication, the manipulation of information for some hidden purpose.
We may flatter ourselves that such questionable behaviour is confined to the salesman, the advertiser, the public-relations executive. But we all use paracommunication continually in our business lives and our domestic relationships. From the moment we leam that saying 'please' gets us what we want, we have started on the road to becoming a paracommunicator.
For instance, conventional communication courses teach that listeners recall more from the beginning and the end of a speech than from the middle. The paracommunicator goes a stage further, drawing the inference that if he wants his audience to forget a point, he should put it in the middle.
Similarly, he will pay great attention to first impressions, being familiar with the studies that demonstrate their importance. So he makes sure that the first few seconds of an encounter set the pattern by which he intends us to interpret succeeding information. Thus, he configures our minds so that they are open to taking in further evidence that
confirms that impression, and are closed to any evidence that conflicts.
If he wants to introduce us to a new contact, for example, he will brief us on this person's good and bad points. If he gives us the good points first, we will scarcely hear the bad; but he can choose to reverse the order, and the effect, if that suits his purpose.
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But his strategy centres on his ability to control how judgements are made. They are not made in a vacuum, but by comparing new information with the patterns already in the mind. The paracommunicator can plant the pattern he chooses or he can make use of a pattern that is already there.
The art of planting a pattern was best illustrated for me by the story of the Jesuit and the Benedictine who, both being chain-smokers, suffered from tobacco deprivation while saying their prayers. Each went to his superior to solve the problem. When they returned, the Benedictine was frustrated and the Jesuit triumphant. The Benedictine had asked for permission to smoke while he was praying; the Jesuit had asked permission to pray while he was smoking. Same request, different pattern, different response.
Экзаменационный билет утвержден на заседании кафедры
« »________2010г. Зав. кафедрой _____________
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