Exercise 52 Complete the sentences according to the text.
1. Railways are of great importance to a country because ... . 2. The very first railways used ... and transported ... . 3. People could catch Trevithick’s locomotive because ... . 4. ... built a successful steam locomotive ‘The Rocket’. 5. The boom years of early railways began with the invention of ... . 6. Stephenson constructed his ‘Rocket’ for the railway between .... 7. Stephenson’s locomotive won ... . 8. Thanks to .... Russia was one of the first countries to use steam as ... . 9. Nowadays railways ... effectively in the transportation market. 10. Modern railways are ready to meet ... of the age of super-high speeds. 11. By now ... is 560km/h. 12. The Ukrainian railway system ranks ... in the world. 13. ... technologies will make our trains still more powerful. 14. High-speed trains resemble … in design, fully automated operation and speed.
Exercise 53 Scan the text for the numbers and names mentioned below. Be ready to comment on them.
Railfest 2004; Pendolino; ‘Catch-me-who-can’; coalmine of Killingworth; Stockton & Darlington; ‘Rocket’; Richard Trevithick; 500 pounds; 29mph; George Stephenson; the Cherepanovs; a 15-mile line; the length of 7500 km; 22,800 km; 581km/h, 12 years.
Exercise 54 Answer the questions.
1. What is the most important function of railways? 2. What part do railways play in the national economy of a country and why? 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of railways? 4. What was the idea behind the Railfest 2004 in York? 5. What were the early railways like? What were they used for? 6. What invention caused the boom years of railway development? 7. What do you know about Richard Trevithick? 8. When was the first successful steam locomotive built? What did it look like? 9. Where was the first truly successful passenger railway built? 10. Who built the first public railway? Where did it take place? 11. Who invented the first steam locomotive in Russia? 12. What was the most challenging railway project of the end of the 19th century? 13. Is the ‘golden age’ of railways over? Prove your point of view. 14. What are the main challenges for modern railways? 15.What changes will take place on railways in future? 16. What is the total length of Ukrainian railway system? 17. What is the speed record for modern high-speed trains?
Exercise 55 Make up a short story on one of the suggested topics using word combinations in brackets.
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1. The importance of railways (play an important part; carry people; transport freight; economic and political development; the most popular means of travel; combine speed, comfort and safety; the backbone of a country’s economy).
2. The first steam locomotives (the first attempt to use steam engine; invent a successful steam locomotive; be small and light; not so fast as; draw trains; develop a speed).
3. The future of railways (compete; great changes; take place; run powerful locomotives; comfortable cars; develop super-high speeds; intelligent trains operated by electronic computers; introduce advanced technologies; resemble aircraft).
Exercise 56 a) Read the following text and put the linking words on the right in thecorrect place in each paragraph. The linking words are in the right order.
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Travelling by Train
| 1. Travelling by train has many advantages. There are no stressful traffic jams, and trains are fast and comfortable. You can use the time in different ways. You can just sit and read, or relax and watch the world go by. You can work, or you can have a meal or a snack in the buffet car. And, what is most important, you don’t depend on the weather. | First of all Also For example Besides |
| 2. Travelling by train also has some disadvantages. It is expensive and the trains are sometimes crowded and delayed. You have to travel at certain times and trains cannot take you from door to door. You need a bus or a taxi to take you to the railway station. | However For one thing What is more For example |
| 3. I prefer travelling by train to either flying or driving. I feel more relaxed when I reach my destination. | Despite the disadvantages Because |
b) Compare four forms of transportation: marine, road, rail and air transport. Decide which kind is:
the fastest, the cheapest, dependent on weather and geographical conditions, able to transport large quantities of cargo, time-consuming over long distances, risky because of the frequent accidents, often delayed through traffic jams, door-to-door transportation.
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CONVERSATIONAL PRACTICE
Exercise 57 a)Work in pairs. Practise the dialogue.
At the Railway Ticket Office
A: Good morning. Can I help you?
B: Yes, please. I want to go to Edinburgh. When’s the next train?
A: Let me see. There’s one at 10.42. You change at Doncaster. And there’s another at 11.15.
B: Is that direct, or do I have to change?
A: That’s direct.
B: What time does it arrive?
A: It gets in at ... 14.10.
B: Right. I’ll have a return ticket, then, please.
A: When are you coming back? Are you coming back today?
B: No, tomorrow.
A: Ah, so you don’t have a day return. You need a period return. That’ll be ₤8.40.
B: Can I pay by credit card?
A: Yes, certainly.
B: Here you are. Which platform does it leave from?
A: Platform 3.
B: Thanks a lot.
A: Goodbye.
b) Put the lines of the conversation in the correct order and role-play the dialogue.
A: Hello. I’d like a ticket to Newcastle, please.
A: I want to come back this evening, so a day return.
C: How do you want to pay?
A: Return, please.
C: Here’s your change and your ticket.
C: Single or return?
A: Twenty, forty, sixty pounds.
C: Day return or period return?
A: Cash, please.
C: Forty-eight pounds fifty, please.
A: Thank you.
c) Work in pairs. Imagine it is 11a.m. Student A works in a railway ticket office. Give Student B the information he/she wants.
| Trains to Bristol | ||
| Depart | Arrive | |
| 11.25 | Change at Derby | 12.35 |
| 11.50 | Direct | 12.50 |
| Tickets | ||
| Single ₤13.50 Day return ₤19.00 Period return ₤22.40 | ||
WORD BUILDING
Noun suffixes:-er (-or), -ion (-sion, -tion, -ation), -ist, -ant
Adjective suffixes: -ant (-ent), -able (-ible)
Exercise 58 Translate the following groups of words paying attention to the suffixes.
a) Conduct – conductor – conduction;calculate – calculator – calculation; produce – producer – production; excavate – excavator – excavation; conclude – conclusion; load – loader.
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b) Difference – different;resistance – resistant; existence – existent; efficiency – efficient; permanence – permanent.
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