Английский язык для академических целей

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Points) Read the text about comparison of international commuting time (one way in minutes). What country corresponds to graph 2? Write your answer in the box.

The Japanese spend more time commuting than Europeans and, especially, North Americans. One out of four North Americans spends ten minutes or less commuting, and for two thirds, the journey to work tales less than 30 minutes. Only 24% of North American commuters spend more than 30 minutes going to work and only 8% more than one hour. The majority of Europeans also live within 30 minutes of their workplace or school. The number of commuters who spend between 30 and 60 minutes travelling to work, however, is 33% higher than in North America. In any case, very few Europeans or North Americans commute for more than one hour.

3.2. (7 x 1 points) Complete the text with the words from the list. Write your answers (A, B, C …) in the boxes.

There are many different sorts of business meeting, and how the participants behave varies from country to country. In France meetings are generally use for briefing and coordination rather than discussing (1) … and making decisions. They follow a detailed (2) … , and comments are well thought out rather than spontaneous. The same is true at formal meetings in Germany, where you (3) … be well prepared if wish to express your (4) … .

In the UK, on the other hand, participants often arrive at meetings unprepared, and papers (5) … before the meeting will not be read. This doesn’t prevent anyone from expressing an or putting forward a (6) … , though. Everyone is expected to contribute their (7) … .

a. alternatives b. agenda c. should d. opinion

e. distributed f. proposal g. views

1	2	3	4	5	6	7

Х 1 points) Scan the text and decide if the statements are true, false or there is no information about them. Write your answers (A, B, or C) in the boxes.

Elasticity of supply, as a response to changes in price, is related to demand. Economists define “demand” as a consumer’s desire or want, together with his willingness to pay for what he wants. We can say that demand is indicated by our willingness to offer money for particular goods or services. Money has no value in itself, but serves as a means of exchange between commodities which do have a value to us.

People very seldom have everything they want. Usually we have to decide carefully how we spend our income. When we exercise our choice, we do so according to our personal scale of preferences. In this scale of preferences essential commodities come first (food, clothing, shelter, medical expenses etc.), then the kind of luxuries which help us to be comfortable (telephone, special furniture, insurance, etc.), and finally those non-essentials which give us personal pleasure (holidays, parties, visits to theatres or concerts, chocolates, etc.). they may all seem important, but their true importance can be measured by deciding which we are prepared to live without. Our decisions indicate our scale of preferences and therefore our priorities.

Elasticity oа demand is measure of the change in the quantity of a good, in response to demand. The change in demand results from a change in price. Demand is inelastic when a good is regarded as a basic necessity, but particularly elastic for non-essential commodities. Accordingly, we buy basic necessities even if the prices rise steeple, but we buy other things only when they are relatively cheap.

1. When people offer money for a particular good, they indicate that a demand exists.