IV. Categories of verbs in OE.
In OE the verbs had the category of person, numbers, tense and mood (Imperative, and Indicafive). As for the category of tense, there was only Present and Past, there was no Future Tense. There were no analytical forms in the verb system in OE .
V. Conjugation of Verbs [kon’dzugei ∫ n]
The system of conjugation of verbs was rather developed in OE. Strong verbs as well as weak verbs had practically the same endings in Present Tense.
writan (s. v.) fremman (w.v.) cunnan (prt.-prs.v.)
Sing.1 st.P. writ -e- fremm -e- cunn
2 nd. P writ -st- fremme -st cun - st
3 d. P. writ -eb fremm -eb cann
Plural : writa־b fremm - ab cunn - on
As you see 1st p. (s) - has ending “e” (exept prt. prs. - cann)
2 nd. p. s. - est (st)
3 d. p.s. - eb (exept prt. pr. - cann)
3 d. p. pl. - ab (prt. pr. - on)
Conjugation of Verbs in Past was not the same for strong, weak and preterite - present verbs.
Writan (s.v.) fremman (w.v.) cannon (p.p.v.)
Singular 1st p. wra־t fremed-e cub - e
2nd p. write fremed - est cub - est
3d p. wrat fremed - e cub - e
Plural writon fremed - on cub - on
All verbs had ending -on- in Plural (Past).
The predominant part of the OE verbs was weak verbs. All the new verbs followed this pattern. All other groups of verbs included strong verbs constituted 300 items. They were reduced to 160 items. Now a little more than 60 verbs go back to OE strong verbs. Some of them past to weak verbs. Some of them died out.
VI. ME Verbs.
Conjugation underwent considerable changes in the ME period.
As a result of leveling of unstressed vowels the difference between the endings an, on, -en was lost. The final -n, which characterized many verb forms was lost. It proved stable only in second participles, where it has been preserved down to the MnE period.
First instances of a continuous aspect appeared in ME. They consisted of the verb be(n) and the first participle. They were very rare. Thus in Chaucer’s works only six examples of such forms have been found. Here is one of them:
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“Singynge he was, or floytinge, al the day”- “he was singing or playing the flute, all day long”. Aspecial future form becomes a regular part of the tense system in ME. The auxiliaries “shal” and “wil” are deprived of their original modal meanings.
The passive voice was widely developed in ME. As the verb “weorban” disappeared the only auxiliary for the passive was “ben”.
NE period. Since the ending - “e” of the 1st person singular, and of the infinitive was lost, these forms had no endings at all. Another change affected the 3 rd person singular present indicative. The ending - eth was replaced by “s”, which in ME period had been a characteristic of the Northern dialect. In the 15th century the “s” - form gradually penetrated, through the medium of Midland dialects into the literary language.
The classes of strong verbs disintegrated and only formed some groups. The number of the groups of the verbs that had changing of vowels because of gradation decreased. Some of these verbs transformed into the standard (regular) group of verbs. But most of the strong verbs constitute the so-called irregular verbs. This group of verbs is rather stable, but it is not productive. The productive type is regular verbs which were formed from the second class of weak verbs.
Seminar 7 Morphology of the OE verbs
Contents
1. Morphological categories of the verb.
2. Strong verbs.
3. Weak verbs.
4. Miner group of OE verbs: a) preterite - present verbs
b) suppletive verbs
c) mixed verbs
5. Conjugation of OE verbs.
6. ME and NE verbs.
Lecture 8
EVOLUTION OF THE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES IN OLD ENGLISH, MIDDLE ENGLISH AND NEW ENGLISH PERIODS.
Contents:
I. OE pronouns:a) personal pronouns;
b)demonstrative pronouns;
c) possessive pronouns d)interrogative pronouns.
II. ME pronouns :a) personal pronouns;
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b) possessive pronouns.
III. OE adjectives. Declenison of OE adjectives.
IV. Degrees of Comparison of OE adjectives.
I. OE Pronouns.
There are several types of pronouns in OE: personal, possessive, demon-strative, interrogative, definite, indefinite, negative and relative. As for the group of possessive pronouns, it derived from the genetive case of the personal pronouns of all persons and numbers. The reflexive possessive pronoun "sin" was declined in the way of strong adjective. The groups of possessive pronouns and reflexive pronouns were not fully developed and were not always distinctly separated from the main classes. The grammatical categories of the pronoun were either similar to those of nouns or corresponded to those of adjectives. OE personal pronouns had three persons, four cases, three numbers (singular, plural and dual)
Declension of Personal Pronoun.
Table 1
| The first person | ||||||||
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||
| Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. | ic mīn mē mec, mē | wit uncer une uncit | wē ūre ūs ūsic,us | |||||
| The second person | ||||||||
| Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. |
bin be bec, bē | zit incer inc incit,inc
| zē ēower ēow ēowic, ēow
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| Case Singular Plural
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| M. | F. | N. | All genders | |||||
| Nom. hē Gen. his Dat. him Acc .hine | hēo hire(here) hire(hiere) hie | hit his him hit | hiē,hī,h,hēo hira,heora,hiera,hyra him,heom hīe,hī,h,hēo | |||||
OE Demonstrative Pronouns
Table 2
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Singular
| Case M. | F. | N. |
| Nom. sē Gen. bæs Dat. bæm | seo bære bære | bæt bæs bæm |
| Acc. bone Intrr. b,bon | ba - | bæt b, bon |
Plural
| Case | All genders |
| Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Instr. | bā bāra bm bā - |
Dualnumber of pronouns existed till the middle of the 13 th century. As for the pronouns of the 1 st p. (sing and plural) ic, we, they had supplitive forms. The nominative case of these pronouns has not the same root as other cases have. The same phenomenon we find in Russian: я - мы, мне, мною; мы - нам, нac, нами. Pronouns of the I stperson and the second persons are reflexes of IE forms: ic corresponds Lat, ego, Ђu - Lat. tū. As for the demonstrative pronouns;
Sc. bat Se
Rus, (tot) (to) (тa)
Gothic sa bata so
Lai. Iste istud ista
Possessive pronouns correspond to Genetivecase of personal pronoun;
(Singular) - min, bin, his, hiere; (plural) ure, eower, hiera, hira.
The pronoun of the 1 st person (min)and the second person (bin) were declined as the strong declension of adjectives.
Nom. min. bin
Gen. min-en b in – en
Dat. min-us bin - us
Acc. min-ne bin – ne
Interrogative pronouns "hwa" - "who" and “hwt” "what" had only
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singular forms
Nom. hwā hwæt
Gen. hwt hwæs
Dat. hwm hwæm
Acc. hwone hwæt
Intrr. - hw,hwi
The interrogative pronoun "hwilc" (which) is declined as a strong adjectives.
II. Middle English Period.
There were two cases: Nominative and Objective;
Personal pronouns.
Singular.
| 1 sp. | 2 rd. | 3 dm. | 3 df. | 3 dn. | |
| OE ME | ic ich ( I ) | bu thou | hē he | heo shē, hē sho,ho | hit hit |
Plural
| 1 st.p | 2 nd.p | 3 dm.g. | F. g. | N.g. | |
| OE ME | we wē | ze yē | hie hi | hy they | hi heo |
Possessive pronouns:
| 1 p.s. | 2 nd p.s. | 3 d.p. | ||
| m.g. | f.g | |||
| OE | min | bin | his | hiere (hire) |
| ME | min | thin | his | her,hir |
| 1p.pl. | 2 nd.p.pl. | 3d.p.pl. | ||
| m.g | f.g | |||
| OE | ūre | łower | hiera | Hira |
| ME | oure | youre | here | There |
In ME period personal pronoun - ic- was changed into - ich - [t ],but
pronunciation [t ]disappeared. Graphically itbecame necessary to use capital letter -I-, as it was more noticeable in the written texts. As for personal pronouns - those - and - ye - [ji:] (later - yow), - ye - was used when someone addresses to a person who is older or occupies higher social position.
In the 17 c. the so-called "Code of Politeness" was issued. According to it addressing 'thou" was very rude. In ME there are "thou" and "thee"in some territorial dialects.
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