Think of your own examples of phonetic motivation of a lingual sign.
Seminar 1. Word as a Linguistic Sign
Test Questions
1. What does lexicology study?
2. What is the theoretical and practical value of English lexicology?
3. What types of lexical units do you know?
4. What is meant by ‘separability’ and ‘separateness’ of a word?
5. What is meant by identity of a word?
6. What are the properties of a linguistic sign?
7. What are the main stages of the process of naming?
8. What is the phonetical motivation?
9. What is implied by the term ‘morphological motivation’?
10. What does the semantic motivation mean?
Tasks and assignments
1. What phonetical variants do the following words have:
lieutenant, luxurious, research, direct, necessary, interesting, entrepreneur, Asian, dance, fast, often, forehead, schedule, Celtic, car, marquis, issue, duke, tube, news, sure, heart, year, ceramic, elastic, hovel, current, adult, hegemony, either?
Link the variants below with the-identity-of-unit problem.
Bandits – banditti, mathematic – mathematical, minimum – minimal, efficient – effectual – efficacious, damp down – dampen down, woken³ – waked³, bade² – bid², dived² – dove², spilt²˒³ – spilled²˒³, wove² – weaved², shown³ – showed³, shrove² – shrived², shrank² – shrunk², hewed³ – hewn³, born³ – borne³.
3. What problem (the sign nature of the word, the size-of-unit, the identity-of unit problems) do we deal with when we ask questions like:
a) Are custom and customs different words or grammatical forms of the same word?
b) Are the lexical units high (e.g. high building) and high (= drunk) different meanings of the same word or homonyms?
c) Are the words opposite and reverse synonyms?
d) Is first night one word or a word combination?
e) How can one distinguish words in the flow of speech?
f) How can one discriminate between a morpheme and a word?
g) What is the link between the sound form of the word gargle and its meaning?
g) What kinds of lexical variation do you know?
Define the status of the following lingual units in terms of the size-of-unit problem. Most words are characterized by positional mobility, morphological uninterruptability (indivisibility), semantic integrity and graphic, phonological and grammatical whole-formedness.
a live concert performance, to stay alive; place-name, name of place, the place; to by-pass the law, by pass road, to pass by in silence; although, altogether, all right; each other, one another, others people money; I’m just a fill-in, to fill in a form; to have ups and downs in life, to go down the street, to have a nervous breakdown, you will break down if you work too hard; never mind, nevertheless; as far as I know, far and away, to be far away from smb.; to put off the light, to put off the goods; to ask for a handout, to hand out medicine, to put one’s hand out trying to rise, to eat out of one’s hand, to get out of hand; behind-the-scenes politics, on stage and behind the scenes.
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5. How many words with root fast can you follow in the exercise? Group variants of the same word, discriminate between different words, prove their identity and separateness.
1. At the end of their fast, the people have a big party to celebrate.
2. Muslims fast during Ramadan.
3. He’s one of the fastest runners in the world.
4. That can’t be the time – my watch must be fast.
5. Slow down – you’re driving too fast.
6. The boat was stuck fast in the mud.
7. I lived on fast food, I smoked, I drank, I did drugs.
8. Please fasten your seat belts.
9. Many saw independence as the fast track to democracy.
10. Put it on fast forward.
6. Speak on the lingual sign arbitrariness using the following examples:
English wife, Russian жена, German Frau, French femme;
receive (guests) – принимать (гостей), receive (letters) – получать (письма);
кора (земная) – (earth) crust, кора (древесная) – bark, rind, кора (головного мозга) – cortex.
7. Speak on the lingual sign asymmetry (correlation of content and expression) using the following examples:
good / nice / great / perfect / marvelous / wonderful / fantastic / terrific;
face of a girl / face of a clock;
to have the means to do smth. / means of transport;
a vain man / vain hope;
volume / size / scope / amount;
a slim chance / to slim the budget;
base Latin / main base;
jazz band / a hat band.
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aerodrome / airfield / air station / flying field, landing place;
for your special benefit / death benefit;
at the bottom of the page / bottom of the cask;
playing for high stakes / to drive a stake into the ground;
sea girdle / laminaria / sea staff / tangle / sea wand / red ware.
8. Break up the signs into full and reduced:
wand, maple, Phoenix, shop-assistant, land, fox, congeniality, bruise, DVD-player, universe, love, god, Harry, limb, air, Kyushu, sum, maroon, gasoline, serendipity.
9.* Match each animal to a noise from thе list below:
Animal: 1. cat, 2. sheep, 3. lion, 4. cock, 5. frog, 6. cow, 7. horse, 8. duck, 9. sparrow, 10. dog.
Noise: mew, quack, twitter, baa, moo, roar, cock-a-doodle-do, whinny, croak, howl.
Think of your own examples of phonetic motivation of a lingual sign.
10. Group the words according to their type of motivation:
leaflet, murmur, start-up, trade-off, backer, bubble, talks, understudy, pullover, crash, board, curtain call, china, whisper, mink, bang, branch, lame duck, gypsy moth, cackle, impact.
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