Name the type of word changing (word building or form building).
Speak – spoke, table – tables, go – went, I – me, foot – feet, child – children, write – shall write, good – better – best, wife – wives, to send – to be sent, big – bigger – biggest.
Seminar 3
GRAMMATICAL CLASSES OF WORDS
Sources:
1. Блох, М.Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка / М.Я. Блох. - М.: Высшая школа, 2003. – С. 42-54.
2. Блох, М.Я. Практикум по теоретической грамматике английского языка / М.Я. Блох, Т.Н. Семенова, С.В. Тимофеева. – М.: Высшая школа, 2004. – С. 79-108.
3. Иванова, И.П. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка / И.П. Иванова, В.В. Бурлакова, Г.Г. Почепцов. - М.: Высшая школа, 1981. – С. 14-20.
Additional:
4. Кубрякова, Е.С. Язык и знание: На пути получения знаний о языке: Части речи с когнитивной точки зрения / Е.С. Кубрякова. – М.: Языки славянской культуры, 2004. – 560 с.
5. Левицкий, Ю.А. Основы теории синтаксиса: учебное пособие / Ю.А. Левицкий. - 3-е изд., испр. и доп. – М.: КомКнига, 2005. – С. 93-96.
6. Хлебникова, И.Б. Основы английской морфологии: учебное пособие / И.Б. Хлебникова. – 3-е изд., испр. - М.: Высшая школа, 2004. – С. 20-30.
TASKS
Get ready to answer the questions below.
1. Why is the term "part of speech" a non-explanatory one?
2. What is a part of speech?
3. What are grammatically relevant properties to differentiate parts of speech?
4. What kind of classifications are called monodifferential / polydifferential?
5. What property(ties) was(were) used for parts of speech classification by prescriptive grammarians?
6. What property(ties) was(were) used for parts of speech classification by H.Sweet?
7. What property(ties) was(were) used for parts of speech classification by Ch.Fries?
8. What property(ties) was(were) used for parts of speech classification by the representatives of complex approach? What are the shortcomings of this approach?
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9. What differs Blokh’s classification from the complex approach?
Find Russian equivalents for the following terms; give definitions.
part of speech, semantic properties, formal properties, functional properties, homogeneous (monodifferential) classification, heterogeneous (polydifferential) classification, notional parts of speech, functional parts of speech, substitutional parts of speech, openness/closedness of word classes
2. a) Compare different terms which are sometimes used to name English notional words “content words, lexical words, major parts of speech” and functional words “empty words, grammatical words, structural words, minor parts of speech”. Say which characteristics of the two main types of words are reflected in them.
3. Danish linguist V. Brøndal singled out four main logico-semantic categories – substance, quantity, quality and relation. In accord with them he subdivided words into 15 classes. What kind of classification is that?
А) Name the main traditional notional and functional parts of speech and give examples of each class.
B) Split the words below into notional, functional and substitutional.
abroad, nowadays, oh, hush, then, in, perhaps, hurrah, behind, or, just, alone, during, foot, worry, every, myself, regular, and, yet
c) What part of speech do these words belong to (use a dictionary to suggest all possible variants)? Prove your words using them in the suitable context.
after, since, besides, just, exactly, well, too
D) What part of speech do the words below belong to?
1) words of greeting and parting– hello, goodbye, etc.;
2) words of agreement and disagreement – yes, no, etc.;
3) words of attracting attention – hey! yo! etc.;
4) words-markers of politeness – please, pardon, etc.
5. The opening stanza of Lewis Carroll’s poem Jabberwocky(from Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, 1872) contains words which do not exist in the English language. Read it and its French, German and Russian translations. Can you identify the parts of speech to which these words are supposed to belong? Which grammatical markers allow you to do it?
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