Verbals and verbal constructions/complexes
Plan
1. The for-to-infinitive construction/complex, its functions in the sentence and ways of rendering its meanings into Ukrainian.
2. The objective with the infinitive constructions/complexes, their functions in the sentence and ways of translating them into Ukrainian.
3. The subjective with the infinitive constructions/complexes, their functions in the sentence and ways of rendering their meaning in Ukrainian.
4. Give examples of the verbal and nominal functions of the active and passive gerund in English sentences and offer your ways of faithful rendering of these functional meanings into Ukrainian.
5. Give examples of different functions of gerundial complexes in the sentence and offer your ways of rendering them into Ukrainian.
Exercises:
Korunets I. V. Theory and practice of translation. — Ex. 1-5 (p. 303-308)
Theory of translation
Seminar 6
Verbals and verbal constructions/complexes
Plan
1. Ways of rendering the meaning of English word-groups with prepositive and postpositive present and past participles into Ukrainian.
2. Ways of translating the objective with the present and past participle constructions/complexes into Ukrainian.
3. Ways of translating the subjective with the present/past participle constructions into Ukrainian.
4. Define the nature and structural forms of the nominative absolute participial constructions and give all possible ways of rendering their meanings into Ukrainian.
5. Give examples of Ukrainian semantic equivalents rendering the meanings of the English nominative absolute participial constructions in the sentence.
Exercise I
Translate the following sentences with particular attention to rendering (Nominative) Absolute Participial Construction:
1) With coal consumption in Britain in the first three months of 1980 exceeding oil for the first time in nine years, miners felt in a strong position to achieve their demands.
2) Washington — Their worst fears about the national election realized, leaders of the trade union movement now expect an assault against many of organized labor's most cherished programs and interests.
3) With sales of automobiles on the domestic market sagging, and many dealers in deficit, the pressure to export autos last year was acute.
4) With Greece becoming a full member of the European Economic Community ..., the impact on the country's agricultural sector is likely to have far-reaching effects, politically as well as economically.
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5) He declared at the next sitting of the peace conference the proposal should be made to conclude peace, all theoretical questions being excluded.
6) England merged from the war only a formal 'victor', its economy shaken and entering a period of permanent stagnation and decline.
7) The Government has now exceeded even this, its military budget being the biggest in British history.
8) Almost all councils are putting up their rents, the reason being the heavy burden of interest for housing.
9) Exports of bananas were negligible, all shipments going to the Bahama Islands.
10) Strikes which began on Monday in Denmark have already dislocated transport. If not quickly ended, they may bring large parts of the economy to a standstill.
11) In this General Election only the candidates of the Communist Party have a clear set of demands which, if met, would bring improvement to the lives of millions of people living in poverty.
12) Now I'd be miserable if forced to conform to a pattern of life fixed for me by anybody else.
13) Other points of the report are quite unrealistic and, if operated, would impede the introduction of new methods and procedures across a wide range of industries and services.
14)Both present Government policy and devaluation if ever applied are an attempt to shift the economic difficulties on to the backs of the people.
15)The trade figures themselves are distorted. But even if taken at their face value they would prove only that a - capitalist crisis is being temporarily alleviated by typical Tory policies, which put the main burden on the shoulders of the working people.
16) In the hands of a genius like Hemingway this language may be effective... When not used by a genius it is as flat as anything.
17) With the men, however, he was merely impersonal, though a devil when roused; so that, on the whole, they feared him ...
18)When invited to clarify Mr. Powell's comments in the resolution, Mr. Heath rushed to his defense saying the attacks of Powell were «unjust».
19)The redwoods, once seen, leave a mark or create a vision that stays with always.
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20)It was evident that he would make a perfect companion, and his love, once won, was of the sort that did not alter.
21)As put, of coarse, the question admits of no real answer.
22)No one knows how many books he turned out between 1821 and 1825. Some authorities claim as many as fifty. While thus engaged, Balzac lived at home.
23)O'Neil introduced a modern and timely content into the American drama. He was able to do so, however, not merely because he had a general talent for dramatization, but because he employed the resources of the modern theater as developed abroad.
Theory of translation
Seminar 7
Modality
Plan
1. Expand on the nature of modality and the main means of expressing it in English and Ukrainian.
2. Enumerate the modal verbs common in both languages and define their possible lexical and contextual equivalents in English and Ukrainian.
3. Comment on the meanings expressed by the constructions of the modal verbs can, may, must plus the perfect infinitive.
4.Enumerate the English modal verbs which have not always direct modal verb equivalents in Ukrainian. In which speech styles are they mostly used?
Exercise I
Interpret the meaning of the modal verbs and suggest their Ukrainian equivalents:
I. May/might
1) Such is the speed of history today that, while this is published, so many new and perhaps more shocking developments may have taken place that the events herein detailed may seem even more remote.
2) In reality the Pope may not have been anxious to see his suggestion, advanced from the marble rostrum of the General Assembly on October 4, enacted a bare six weeks later.
3) The summit proposal may have been primarily a device to dramatize the broader idea. If that is what it was, it has already fulfilled its purpose.
4) The Prime Minister mentioned that a more radical stand on some issues might have enabled the party to have avoided defeat.
5) The sinking of the "Nissho Maru" will be recorded as an accident that might have been avoided.
6) The lamp lit her face ad she tended the long pipe, bent above it with the serious attention she might have given to a child.
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7) Phuong lit the gas stove and began to boil the water for tea. It might have been six months ago.
8) It was a strange situation, and very different from any romantic picture which his fantasy might have painted.
9) «We'll take it to my den.» - «Why, of course! Might have thought of that before».
10) Entering the church he looked like a childlike man ... His feet scarcely wakened the slightest sound. He might have been trying to steal in unobserved in the middle of the sermon.
11) Physically he looked like his parents - in every other respect, he might have dropped from the moon for all resemblance he had to them.
II Can / could
1) As for Colingwood, he had gone out of his way to be friendly, which, for him, who never troubled to be friendly, or couldn 't be, had been something no one could have expected.
2) The subject for his inversion could not have seemed promising.
3) ..."The Times" was not important. They could have done it better. His had been the statement they examined, while Lord Gilbey, his boss, received a few indifferent lines.
4) Yet, in the bright drawing-room in Lord North Street, all he was thinking of, without deviation or et-up, was what the Telegraph and the Guardian, the popular press would say next day. Caro sat stroking the side of her glass, proud, loving, full of certainties. She could have written the headlines herself.
5) There can scarcely have been one book that has more profoundly shaped the novel as a whole than Cervantes' «Don Quixote».
6) Before 1580 nothing existed in the form of a play in English from which anyone could possibly have prophesied the magnificent outburst of Marlowe and Kyd and the still greater dramatists who followed them.
7) The State Secretary could not possibly have left for Canada.
8) It appears that Fielding wrote the essays with which he introduced the successive books of «Tom Jones» after he had finished the novel. He cannot have been unaware that many readers would look upon this novel as low, none too moral, and possibly even bawdy; and it may be that by them he thought to give it a certain elevation.
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9) «You couldn't have tried so very hard», said Carrie.
10) Now OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) will begin to force employers to give workers their medical records and also the records of air pollution inspections conducted by the company which could have caused poor health to the workers, declared the head of the OSHA Administration.
III. Must / to be to/ to have to
1) He must have been enraged by the choice he had to make.
2) The bus stopped abruptly. The driver, in French this time, said that the sand must have clogged the carburator.
3) The attack must have been — one didn't need to be a doctor to see it — graver than we had officially been told.
4) It must have been years since anyone made me that particular reproach.
5) It was rush hour, but the gentle hearted policeman must have seen a potential maniac in me. He held back the savage traffic and got me through and directed me with great care.
6) It is to be hoped that this conference might bring some changes to international life.
7) The delegation was to have left Moscow on Tuesday.
8) Dickens accepted a contract to write another novel «Oliver Twist». This also was to appear in monthly numbers, and he devoted a fortnight to one and a fortnight to the other.
9) According to this method of English teaching words were to be used in sentences and not in isolation, since the sentence was considered the basic unit of speech. Sentences were not to be disconnected; they were to be used in contexts along with other sentences all of which dealt with the subject of interest to the learners. New material was to be taught through gestures and pictures and through the words already known. Any knowledge of grammar was to be acquired inductively through the study of texts.
10)You wouldn't have to scratch deep to find her origin.
11)The dock employers have only to say that they recognize the principle of voluntary overtime and strike will be over.
12) The capitalist press (the Daily Mirror and its stable companion the Sunday Pictorial) as usual, is excelling itself in attack on the strikers. The strikers have just to go back to work and leave it all to the nice Court of Inquiry, the Pictorial says.
13) The strain must have been particularly telling on a man like Dr. D., one of the most conscientious of the government's back-bench MPs. He was involved in a car accident last session, but continued to attend to Commons duties on crutches.
14) The official understanding here is that the Cabinet was to have discussed the proposal today and take it up again next Tuesday if no decision on it were reached.
15) The London meeting is to be attended by officials from the United States, Germany, Japan, France and Britain.
16) The draft treaty was to have been tabled at the General conference soon after the resumption today.
Theory of translation
Seminar 8
Modality
Plan
1. Identify the cases when the modal verbs mustand may might express assumption, presumability, probability, suggestion, etc. and give their semantic equivalents in Ukrainian.
2. Differentiate the modal verbs ought toand should in English and their semantic equivalents in Ukrainian.
3. Differentiate the modal verbs needand dare/daresay, their double nature and ways of expressing their meaning in Ukrainian.
4. Explain the peculiar nature of the modal verbs shall, will and would in English and ways and means of expressing their functions and lexical meanings in Ukrainian.
Exercises:
Korunets I. V. Theory and practice of translation. —Ex. 1-4 (p. 343-349), 1 (p. 352), 1-3 (p. 358-360),
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