European feudalism English feudalism

Task 1. Find true and false statements. 1. The river Thames in prehistoric times was joined to the river Rhine in France. F 2. The first inhabitants of the island formed the basic of the present-day population of eastern England. T 3. The Beaker Folk could produce different cups and pots of clay. T 4. The Beaker Folk merged with the Iberians to develop the first civilization on the British Isles. T 5. Stonehenge was used as a burial place. T 6. The Celts arrived at Britain from the territory of today's France and Belgium. T 7. The later Celtic invaders drove the earlier comers to wilder unsettled territories. F 8. The earliest Celts could produce iron tools. T 9. The Celts lived in large tribal groups united into kingdoms. T 10. The Celts learnt iron working before they began to work with bronze. F Task 2. Here is a diagrammatic presentation of the Celtic society. Do you think it reflects reality? If not, draw your own diagram. The arrows show the power of some people over the others. Task 3. Study the table and add information to the text. 55 BC Roman army of 10,000 men led by Julius Caesar crossed the Channel but was repulsed by the iron-weapon-possessing Celts. Led by Cassivellaunus, several British tribes are involved in the fight against the unwanted Roman expeditions of Julius Caesar which enter the country from the Kent coast. The second expedition embarks from Portus Itius in Gaul, which probably lies in the territory of the Morini. 54 BC Caesar repeated his expedition with larger forces (25,000). Some of the chiefs submitted and promised to pay tribute to Rome. The British tribes who resist the expedition include the Atrebates, Belgae, Catuvellauni, and Trinovantes, while others surrender to the invader, namely the Ancalites, Cassi, Cenimagni, and Segontiaci. Cassivellaunus commands around 4,000 chariots, something that has not been seen for a long time on the Continent, and the sight appals the Romans. Caesar himself admires the courage of the Britons. 43 AD Roman army led by the Emperor Claudis occupied southeast of Britain. Claudius mounted an invasion force to re-instate Verica, an exiled king of the Atrebates. Aulus Plautius, a distinguished senator, was given overall charge of four legions, totalling about 20,000 men, plus about the same number of auxiliaries 51 AD The wild tribes of the Celtic North rose against Romans' rule. They were defeated and the Druids were expelled from the island of Mona (now Anglesey) where they had their religious centre (modern Anglesey off the northern coast of North Wales) 59-61 AD The rebellion headed by Queen Boadicea burnt Roman military camps to the ground, defeated separate Roman detachments, destroyed and burnt down Roman towns. Stirred up by imperial heavy-handedness, Boudicca leads a powerful Celtic uprising involving the Iceni, the Trinovantes and other tribes. It results in the loss to the Romans of lower eastern Britain. After sacking and burning Campulodunum, Londinium, and Verulamium (St Albans), the Celts are confronted by a fresh Roman army under Governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus and are defeated. Boudicca's fate is unknown, but it is presumed that she commits suicide rather than allow herself to fall into Roman hands. The 80's AD Caledonia was invaded, the chief of the Picts, Galgacus, was killed. Later, under the provincial governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola, the Romans occupied northern Britain, reaching what is now called the Moray Firth in 84 AD 121 AD Emperor Hadrian erected a wall from the Tyne to the Solway Firth. "Hadrian's Wall" protected Roman province from the Northern Britons.Emperor Hadrian fixes the border between Roman Britain and Caledonia on a line running from the River Tyne to the Solway Firth. 141 AD The Romans advanced north. From the Forth to the Clyde the wall of Antonine was built. Later it was called Grime's Dyke The 2nd–5th centuries AD The Picts and Scots continued to attack the Romans. Ireland was in those days inhabited by the Scots (some of the Scots must have migrated in their fight against the Romans later) in the 4th c. The decay of Roman power in Britain became apparent already at the end of the 4th c.; the attacks of the wild Celtic tribes from behind the walls that had sealed off those dangerous areas, were no longer so efficiently and promptly repulsed in the latter part of the 5th c. as it used to have been the Romans' way; the usual grain-laden ships were no longer sent to the metropolis. 407 AD The Romans ceased to defend Britain and to control it. Britain came under increasing pressure from barbarian attack on all sides towards the end of the 4th century, and troops were too few to mount an effective defence. The army rebelled and, after elevating two disappointing usurpers, chose a soldier, Constantine III, to become emperor in 407. Task 4.Read the list of events below and try to put them in the correct order. a) Rome wanted to conquer all the countries around the Mediterranean Sea. 2 b) The Celtic tribal chiefs had to recognise the Romans as their rulers, though wide masses of people openly expressed discontent.1 c) The Gauls, who inhabited the territory of the present-day France, were at war with Rome for eight years. `3 d)During 90 years after it trading contacts between Britain and Rome developed.4 e) Julius Caesar found that the Britons helped the Gauls.5 f) After the rebellion headed by Queen Boadicea, the Romans built the wall around Londinium, which was about 2 and a half metres thick at the base.6 g) The Britons dyed their hair and moustaches red and painted their legs and arms blue. With loud shouts they attacked the Romans in chariots and the invincible army had to return to Gaul.7 Task 5. Compare the distinctive features of early British societies: Society Form of society Classes Governing Body The Iberians primitive community – – Early Celtic societies tribal community – – The Celts on the eve of the Roman conquest tribal society with patriarchal slavery tribal nobility and tribesmen chiefs and military leaders (tribal nobility) The Romans slave society slaves and slaveowners emperors Task 6. Historical consequences. Match two statements from columns A and B into a compound sentence with the conjunction "so". A B 1. The hilly districts in the north of Britain were difficult to live in a) straight roads were built for the legions to march quickly to any part of the country 2. The Celts kept fighting against the Romans b) the Roman influence in Britain was weaker that in other provinces 3. The main forces were settled in the south of the country c) they built towns with splendid villas and public baths as in Rome itself 4. The civilised Romans were city dwellers d) the Romans were unable to conquer these areas 5. The province of Britain was separated from the mainland of Europe by the Channel and the North Sea d e) the Romans needed legions to suppress the Picts and Scots 1. The hilly districts in the north of Britain were difficult to live in,so straight roads were built for the legions to march quickly to any part of the country 2. The Celts kept fighting against the Romans,so the Romans needed legions to suppress the Picts and Scots 3. The main forces were settled in the south of the country,so the Roman influence in Britain was weaker that in other provinces 4. The civilised Romans were city dwellers,so they built towns with splendid villas and public baths as in Rome itself 5. The province of Britain was separated from the mainland of Europe by the Channel and the North Sea,so the Romans were unable to conquer these areas Task 7.Fill in the table representing the structure of the Anglo-Saxon society. Unit of the society, village community Local courts Administration Galimot Hundred-moot Shire Sheriff Kingdom Task 8.Speak about the life in Anglo-Saxon village using the picture. Task 9.Speak about the spread of Roman Christianity in Britain using the table. Compare the two ways of establishing religious institutions. The 3th century AD The 6th century People, who brought the religion St Patrick 40 Christian monks led by Augustine sent by Pope Gregory The places, where the religion was spread first Northern Ireland and some missionaries in the southern part of the country The kingdom of Kent. The first church was built in Canterbury The relations with existing religious cults The religious cults of Britons went on side by side with the official worship. Private individuals were free to set up to any god The religions cults were prohibited, Christianity was spread as the only religious form The effect of Chris-tianisation Christianity brought literacy in restricted kind and peculiar organisation of the state, which was later destroyed by the Anglo-Saxons Christianity brought Britain into the mainstream of European culture. The political organisation of the country reflected the organisation of the church The further development of the Christian Church in Britain The Anglo-Saxon drove the British Christians to Wales and Ireland. Celtic Christianity survived there in peculiar forms By a synod of bishops at Whitby in 664, the new Roman form of Christianity was accepted. In the 16th century the Reformation made Britain a protestant country Task 10. Historical consequences. Match two statements from columns A and B into a compound sentence with the conjunction "so". A B 1. Brythons fought fiercely against Anglo-Saxon invaders a) in the course of time the Roman towns and villages were destroyed 2. The invaders managed to conquer the greater part of the island b) soon Anglo-Saxon nobles became great landowners 3. The Anglo-Saxons preferred to live in small villages c) the Romanised Celts had to escape to the mountainous western and northern parts of the country 4. The tribal nobility took possession of large tracts of land d) the Archbishop of Canterbury is now Head of the Church in England 5. The first Christian church was built in the capital of Kent Canterbury e) it took more than 150 years for the Angles, Saxons and lutes to conquer the country 6. The synod of Whitby in 664 decided in favour of the new Roman from Christianity to Celtic Christianity f) church organisation prefigured a corresponding political organisation of the country 7. The Roman Church was organised in the form of dioceses and parishes g) the new contacts with European civilisation were established Task 11. All these word combinations are often used to characterise Alfred the Great. Explain why he is called so and choose the variant, which, to your opinion, characterises this great King best of all. Prove your choice: —the founder of the English fleet; —the King who burnt cakes in a woman's cottage; —the King, who stopped the Danes; —the first English translator from Latin; —many-sided genius. Task 12. Fill in the dates in the table, which represents the Scandinavian Invasion. Date Events Norsemen start the raids to England and Ireland London is burnt up The first permanent settlements are founded "Alfred's great year of battles" — the Danes are pushed from Wessex by King Alfred the Great Fighting between the Danes and Anglo-Saxons A peace treaty is signed to divide the country into two equal parts "Danelaw" and England proper The Danish invasions are resumed. The Anglo-Saxon kings give the Danes money to leave them in peace The government imposes a heavy tax called Danegeld, or Dane money England is conquered by the Danes once more. The Danish King Canute becomes King of Denmark, Norway and England and makes the latter the centre of his power After Canute' o the throne and the line of Danish kings comes to an end Task 13.Using the scheme describe the transformation of the Anglo-Saxon society from the 6th century to the end of the Scandinavian Invasion. Ihe Anglo-Saxon society of the 6th—7th centuries The English society of the 8 th—9 th centuries Main classes Thanes — professional warriors Ceorls — peasants landowners peasants Land common property of the village community private property, which could be sold, inherited or used as a payment for debts Local division village communities hundreds shires kingdom townships hundreds shires kingdom System of judgment and manning folk-moots in the village communities hundred-moots, presided by elected elders shire-moots, presided by sheriffs landowners hundred-moots of the most influential landlords presided by royal officials shire-moots, presided by the kings chief official the king as a supreme judge Task 14. Historical consequences. The Scandinavian Invasion. Match two statements from columns A and B into a compound sentence with a conjunction "so". A B 1. The Anglo-Saxons had to stop constant attacks of the Danes a) they signed the peace treaty, which, divided the country into 2 parts 2. The Danes every year went to different places b) today many countries on the former Danelaw territory have similar names to the main city 3. Alfred the Great failed to push the Danes away from England c) they paid the tribute called Danegeld 4. The Anglo-Saxon villages were fortified and secured d) the Anglo-Saxons organised Danish massacre in 1002 5. Each Danish shire had a market town e) they had to unite in order not to lose their independence completely 6. In 991, the Anglo-Saxons were unable to resist the Danes f) he soon lost control over its biggest part 7. The Danes tried to raise the tribute they got from the Anglo-Saxons g) they made the basis for the first English towns 8. The empire of Canute included three distant countries h) all the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms experienced Danish raids Task 15. Here are different events, which happened during the 5th—11th centuries in England. Discuss them in groups and rank them to their importance. Prove your choice. 1. Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. 2. Political unification of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. 3. The written history of England called "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" was started by King Alfred the Great. 4. The Code of English Law was drawn up. Task 16.Speak about European and English forms of feudalism, using following schemes and explanations. The arrows on the schemes show the power of one people over the others.

European feudalism English feudalism

Task 17.Match the name of the representative of the House of Normandy to the events they are most remembered for.

	The House A	of Normandy B
1. William I (1066-1087)		a) got the name Lion of Justice for
		reorganisation of English judicial
		system
2. William II (1087-1100)		b) his reign coincided with one
		of the most cruel civil wars in the
		history of England
3. Henry I (1100-1135)		c) began the struggle for lands in
		France with his brother. Got the
		name Rufus for the colour of his
		hair
4. Stephen (1135-1154)		d) got the name Conqueror for
		successful invasion of England. As
		the King of England and Duke of
		Normandy started a century-long
		dispute for English possession of the
		French lands

Task 18. Historical consequences. The Norman Conquest. Match two statements from columns A and B into a compound sentence with a conjunction "so".

A	B
1. Edward the Confessor was brought up in Normandy	a) a strong state machine was created
2. William as the King of England and Duke of Normandy, preserved his lands in France	b) the monks and counsellors brought with the King prepared ground for the Norman conquest
3. The Norman kings established strong centralised state in England	c) none of the barons was so strong as to fight with the King
4. The barons' lands were scattered throughout the country	d) the development of the English state was unique in Europe as the state power was greater than the power of feudal nobility
5. The Norman conquerors tried to defend their privileges	e) the rivalry between English and French kings lasted for more than 400 years

Task 19. Vocabulary development. Discus the meanings of derivatives and complete the sentences.

1) feud (fee), feudal, feudalism

a)___ system was based on the system of tenancy — the King granted

his vassals__ of land.

b)___ is an estate in land.

c)___ in England was marked by strong king's power.

2) villein (villain), villeinage, villein-socage

a) Any___ had to work on the lord's land four of five days a week,

___ could vary in different places.

b) The peasants in__ couldn't leave the village even if it was sold

or given to another lord.

3) tenant, tenancy, tenantry

a) The land in___ can't be taken away from the_ till the end

of the established terms.

b) The tenant land is often called .

4) vassal, vassalage

a) King granted land to the barons, who became King's .

b) The barons, who held land in_ , had to protect the King from

his foes.

Crusade, crusader

a) William gathered__ from all over Europe to punish the oath

breaker.

b)Richard the Lionhearted spent more time in than in his home

country.

Serf, serfdom, serfhood

a) Most of Anglo-Saxon population in Norman times were in

of Norman barons.

b)The life of yeomen was a little better than the life of .

Yeoman, yeomanly, yeomanry

a)___ gathered in armed__ detachments in case of war.

b)___ life much depended upon the land. •

c)___ was not a servant, he earned and cultivated an area of land.

Manor, manor house, manorial

a) The central place of each_ was____ where the lord with his

family lived.

b)The laws in the__ were based on__ rights.

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