What types and functions of graphon do you know?

Seminar 2

Graphical and Phonetic Stylistic Devices

Basic Terms

Alliteration– repetition of similar sounds in close succession, aiming at imparting a melodic effect to the utterance

Assonance - variant of alliteration, repetition of the same or similar vowels only

Euphony– pleasing, favourable arrangement of sounds, aiming at producing an artistic effect

Graphon-graphical fixation of phonetic peculiarities of pronunciation with the violation of the accepted spelling.

Onomatopoeia– combination of speech sounds, which aims at imitating sounds, produced in nature

Rhyme- repetition of identical or similar terminal sounds, chaining two or more lines of a poem.

Rhythm- deliberate arrangement of speech into regularly recurring units intended to be grasped as a definite periodicity

Stylistic devices are used in speech with the same aim of intensifying the emo-tional or logical emphasis that the information transferred should convey. Stylis-tic devices are represented by two categories: I. "figures of thought" (tropes, from the Greek tropos ‘turning’), which de-viate from common usage mainly in the meaning of words, i.e. when a word (or a combination of words) is used to denote an object that is not usually correlated with this word; this double meaning creates what is called an image; II. "figures of speech" (rhetorical figures, or schemes), whose stylistic effect is achieved by means of an unusual arrangement of linguistic units, unusual construction or extension of an utterance, etc.; in other words which deviate from normal language mainly in terms of syntax. This arbitrary division of stylistic means into expressive means and stylistic devices does not necessarily mean that these groups cannot overlap. On the contrary, the striking effect of many a stylistic device is based on the logical or emotional emphasis contained in the corre-sponding expressive means and vice versa: a formerly genuine stylistic device can become an expressive means (idioms at large).
Figurative Language is used to express a particular feeling or encourage imagi-nation by a well-developed means of creating images, its purpose being to im-prove the effectiveness, clarity, and enjoyment of both written and oral commu-nication. Figurative language has developed alongside rhetoric, both rooted as far back in history as the times of such classical rhetoricians as Aristotle, Quintillion, and Cicero. Rhetoric is usually defined as the art of persuasion. Aristotle and Quintillion de-veloped a system of methods and tools of persuasion claiming that a rhetorical discourse should consist of - "invention" (developing arguments) - "disposition" (organizing one's subject) - "style" (the means of persuasion). In the modern era "style" and “disposition” (as well as “invention”, though) are still very important form-making categories. They are known as stylistic language means

Items for discussion:

1. The notion of stylistic devices:

1) What terms are used to denote particular means by which utterances выражение are foregrounded актуализировать?

Separate sounds due to acoustic may awake curtain ideas, feelings, images and emotions. Different sound had different affect by choosing words writers can evoke strong emotion responses and reinforces the meaning they wish to convey. So phonetic expressive means deal with the sound incrementing of the utterance.

2) What is stylistic device (SD)?

Stylistic devices make your speeches, essays etc. more interesting and lively and help you to get and keep your reader’s / listener’s attention.

is in combination with other words that a word may acquire a desired phonetic effect.

3) What is the difference between the original (genuine) and the hackneyed (trite) SD?

4) How are stylistic devices classified on different levels?

There are 3 groups of Lexical Stylistic Devices

1. The interaction of different types of lexical meaning.

a) dictionary and contextual (metaphor, metonymy, irony);

b) primary and derivative (zeugma and pun);

c) logical and emotive (epithet, oxymoron);

d) logical and nominative (autonomasia);

2. Intensification of a feature (simile, hyperbole, periphrasis).

3. Peculiar use of set expressions (cliches, proverbs, epigram, quotations).

2. Graphical stylistic devices:

1) What do graphical stylistic devices deal with? Graphical fixation of phonetic peculiarities of pronunciation with the violation of the accepted spelling. Used to indicate blurred, incoherent or careless pronunciation, caused by TEMPORARY (tenders age, intoxication, ignorance of the discussed theme, etc.)

Graphical EMs serve to convey in the written form those emotions which in the oral speech are expressed by intonation and stress, in written form they are shown mostly with the help of punctuation and deliberate change of a spelling of a word.

What is graphon?

Graphical fixation of phonetic peculiarities of pronunciation with the violation of the accepted spelling. Used to indicate blurred, incoherent or careless pronunciation, caused by temporary (tender age, intoxication, ignorance of the discussed theme, etc.) or by permanent factors (social, territorial, educational, etc. status).