Lecture №8. Human-computer interaction.

Purpose:to work with a system, the users need to be able to control the system and assess the state of the system.

Plan:

1. Physical and mental characteristics of the user. Development stages of the user interface. Types of testing of interfaces (testing of users).

2. Perspectives of development of interfaces.

Physical and mental characteristics of the user. Development stages of the user interface. Types of testing of interfaces (testing of users).

This meant computers used to be quite difficult to use, so this type of interface is only really suitable for expert users.

The system that people use to interact with a computer (to give it commands, to see the results of those commands, etc.) is known as the user interface.

Graphical user interface

In computer science, a graphical user interface (GUI /ɡuːiː/), is a type of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators such as secondary notation, instead of text-based user interfaces, typed command labels or text navigation. GUIs were introduced in reaction to the perceived steep learning curve of command-line interfaces (CLIs), which require commands to be typed on a computer keyboard.

The actions in a GUI are usually performed through direct manipulation of the graphical elements.^[4] Beyond computers, GUIs are used in many handheld mobile devices such as MP3 players, portable media players, gaming devices, smartphones and smaller household, office and industrial equipment. The term GUI tends not to be applied to other lower-display resolution types of interfaces, such as video games (where head-up display (HUD) is preferred), or not restricted to flat screens, like volumetric displays^[6] because the term is restricted to the scope of two-dimensional display screens able to describe generic information, in the tradition of the computer science research at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC).

Post-WIMP interfaces

Smaller mobile devices such as personal digital assistants (PDAs) and smartphones typically use the WIMP elements with different unifying metaphors, due to constraints in space and available input devices. Applications for which WIMP is not well suited may use newer interaction techniques, collectively termed post-WIMP user interfaces. As of 2011, some touchscreen-based operating systems such as Apple's iOS (iPhone) and Android use the class of GUIs named post-WIMP. These support styles of interaction using more than one finger in contact with a display, which allows actions such as pinching and rotating, which are unsupported by one pointer and mouse.

Human interface devices, for the efficient interaction with a GUI include a computer keyboard, especially used together with keyboard shortcuts, pointing devices for the cursor (or rather pointer) control: mouse, pointing stick, touchpad, trackball, joystick, virtual keyboards, and head-up displays (translucent information devices at the eye level).

There are also actions performed by programs that affect the GUI. For example, there are components like inotify or D-Bus to facilitate communication between computer programs.

2. Perspectives of development of interfaces.
Operating system command-line interfaces

Operating system (OS) command line interfaces are usually distinct programs supplied with the operating system.

A program that implements such a text interface is often called a command-line interpreter, command processor or shell.

Application command-line interfaces

Application programs (as opposed to operating systems) may also have command line interfaces.

An application program may support none, any, or all of these three major types of command line interface mechanisms:

1. Parameters: Most operating systems support a means to pass additional information to a program when it is launched. When a program is launched from an OS command line shell, additional text provided along with the program name is passed to the launched program.

2. Interactive command line sessions: After launch, a program may provide an operator with an independent means to enter commands in the form of text.

3. OS inter-process communication: Most operating systems support means of inter-process communication (for example; standard streams or named pipes). Command lines from client processes may be redirected to a CLI program by one of these methods.

Menu Interface

This type of interface lets you interact with a computer or device by working your way through a series of screens or menus.

Think about your iPod or mobile phone, they both use a menu driven interface. You are presented with a menu, you make a choice and then the next menu appears on the screen. You make another choice and so on.

Cashpoint machines (ATMs) are another good example of a menu driven interface.

Menu driven interfaces can also be verbal rather than visual. Have you ever made a telephone call and been asked to 'press 1 for abc, press 2 for def, press 3 for ghi'?

Most of the software that you use have menu interfaces. You can use many features of the software by working your way through the menu options. Have a look at the menus in your word processor or spreadsheet package and see how many different choices you are given.

A well designed menu interface is simple to use, you just follow the instructions and make your choices.

This type of interface allows the user to speak or type in their normal everyday language in order to interact with the computer.

For example, some applications such as speech recognition software accepts the spoken words and converts them into text on the computer. These applications have a much wider vocabularly than the dialogue interface.

An example of a natural language interface which makes use of written text is a 'chat bot'. This software mimics a conversation - you ask it questions and it will come back with a suitable comment for you.

This is the most technically challenging form of interface for the designers as it has to cope with different accents, dialects, slang, homonyms (bare or bear) etc.

Questions:

1. What is the HCI?

2. What are the advantages and Disadvantages of menu interfaces?

3. What is the menu interfase?

References

2. Lorenzo Cantoni (University of Lugano, Switzerland) James A. Danowski (University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA) Communication and Technology, 576 pages.

3. Craig Van Slyke Information Communication Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (6 Volumes). ISBN13: 9781599049496, 2008, Pages: 4288

4. Utelbaeva A.K.,Utelbaeva A.K. Study guide for lectures on discipline “Computer science”, Shimkent 2008, 84 pages.

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