Types of interfaces: command line interface, text interface, graphic interface.
He posed interim targets, the achievement of which predetermines the realization of his ideas.
Immediate objectives:
· Split time between computer users;
· Electronic input/output of characters and graphic information;
· Interactive system for processing real-time information and programming;
· Large-scale storage and information search.
Medium-term objectives:
· Coordination of an association of developers for the design and programming of large systems;
· Ability to recognize speech of computer operator;
· Ability of computers to recognize handwriting;
· Possibility to use the pen light as an input as an input device for coordinates and pointers (pen light – light-sensitive device, allowing you to select the point of the display screen).
Long-term goals:
· Understanding the natural language;
· Ability of computers to recognize the speech of any user;
· Heuristic programming, i.e., ‘‘intellectualization’’ of the program by giving it greater flexibility and heuristic thinking.
The development of computer technology, as history has shown, is consistent with the objectives of J.R. Licklider. In the mid – 60s there appeared the first computer systems that allowed joint work of a certain number of users. Each of them had access to the individual terminal that allowed to interact with the system.
Human-Computer Interface
Software and hardware with which the user interacts have the so-calls interface.
Interface is a set of software and hardware tools that support user interaction with the computer. This is the basic of modern information system interaction, the border of various elements’ interaction. For example, ate the man interacts with TV, he is dealing with a remote control, the interact for interaction of human and application consists of graphical elements of the program on the computer screen (Fig. 4.5).
User Interface and its Types
In computer systems interaction may be at the user, hardware and software levels.
The user interface allows the user to control the program and user interaction. The user interface is a channel used for the program and user interaction. The user interface implements interaction elements.
An interaction element is a user interface element with the help of which the user interacts directly with the program or computer system.
There are active and passive interaction elements.
A passive interaction element is an element of a user interface through which the user has no direct access to the system or software resources, i.e. cannot manage or modify its resources directly and immediately. Passive interaction elements include information messages, prompts, etc.
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An active interaction element is an element of a user interface through which the user has direct access to the system and software resources with the ability to directly control and change them. Active interaction elements include system configuration and program management tools, file system commands, etc.
According to the conventional classification, the existing interfaces can be divided into the following types:
· Command line interface;
· Graphical interface;
· SILK-interface.
The command line interface. One of the major and the oldest is the command-line interface. The command ( command line, CLI, Command Line Interface) interface has received the greatest development in the in the heyday of large multi-user systems with alphanumeric displays. The user interacts with the computer via the command line, in which all commands should be entered in a certain format, and then transmitted to the execution.
Command line is a means that help the user to input direct instructions to the computer. It is commonly used with a variety of function keys, individual symbols, abbreviations or commands consisting entirely of words. This is a direct access to the system, often combined with a set of additional tools for increasing flexibility: a lot of options and parameters that can be applied to many items at once, eliminating the repetition of commands. The command line scheme can be represented as follows:
Command – option… argument 1 … argument 2 …
A command line is a very powerful tool as it takes much less computer memory and does not require middleware program. However, the speed and power are associated with difficulties to learn and memorize the language of interaction.
2. The Graphical User Interface (GUI) is a required component of meet modern software focused on the end-user work. The main advantages of the GUI are clear intuitive user perception, as well as a standard and common interface, designed specifically for operation in a graphical environment. The user that has learned to work with one program can easily start working with all the others.
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The most commonly used GUIs are implemented for the interactive with mode and constructed with the system of pull-down menus that allows of manipulation with the mouse and the keyboard. Users work with on-screen forms that contain control objects, the toolbar with icons to perform variety of instructions.
The graphical interface allows the user to communicate with computer trough different types of dialogues (the exchange of information messages between participants, when receiving, processing and sending messages in real-time). The most common types of the dialogue organizative are the following:
· Menu (fixed, context, pop-up);
· Template;
· Command;
· Natural language.
Using a natural language in the menu is convenient for users and developers. However there is a problem – many words of a natural language are vaguely defined. Language is, in fact, a hierarchical system of generalizations. As in any hierarchical system, the processing of the input data depends on its classification. However, practically every word could be distributed in a set of classes, i.e. there is ambiguity or polysemy of almost every word.
WIMP-interface is the most common graphical user interface. All Microsoft products and many products for UNIX operating system are based on it. Abbreviation of WIMP stands for Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointers. Note that in addition to these elements there are widely used buttons, dashboards, palettes, dialog boxes, and others.
SILK-interface (Speech, Image, Language, Knowledge) is an intuitive interaction between a human and interface in a way natural for humans.
It is an evolution in the field of computer interaction. Modern devices and computer have enough computing power to recognize desires and intent ices of the user. Almost everything that the user is trying to resolve with the help of a computer can be ordered through the recognition of facial expression, voice and gestures. It is assumed that such interfaced should include dialogues with the user in a natural language containing symbolic elements, visual information (including facial expressions), and take into account such mint things as, for example the direction of user’s sight (to localize his visual fixations).
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Technical Support.
Many important engineering problems could be resolved by the integration of new advertised sensors in PCs, ultra books, tablets and smartphones. For realization of the naturally-intuitive interaction goats new devices must be equipped with a certain level of ‘‘intelligence’’ and ‘‘abilities’’.
Cameras that can assess the objects’ depth and volume: microphones – define the sound direction; pressure-sensitive touchpads should be standardized and miniaturized.
An example of a successful technical solution is the camera from Creative (Fig. 4.10), which can hardly be called a camera. Rather, it is a set of sensors. It includes two microphones to significantly improve the speech recognition quality, built-in RGB and infrared cameras (depth sensor) to detect gestures at a short distance.
Questions:
1. What is the Usability of interfaces?
2. What is the Command-Line Interface?
3. What is the User- Interface?
4. Differences between the Command-Line Interface and User- Interface?
References
1. June J. Parsons and Dan Oja, New Perspectives on Computer Concepts 16th Edition - Comprehensive, Thomson Course Technology, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc Cambridge, MA, COPYRIGHT © 2014.
2. Lorenzo Cantoni (University of Lugano, Switzerland) James A. Danowski (University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA) Communication and Technology, 576 pages.
3. Craig Van Slyke Information Communication Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (6 Volumes). ISBN13: 9781599049496, 2008, Pages: 4288
4. Utelbaeva A.K.,Utelbaeva A.K. Study guide for lectures on discipline “Computer science”, Shimkent 2008, 84 pages.
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