Lecture №7. Human-computer interaction.
Purpose:to work with a system, the users need to be able to control the system and assess the state of the system.
Plan:
1. User interface as means of human-computer interaction. Usability of interfaces.
2. Types of interfaces: command line interface, text interface, graphic interface.
User interface as means of human-computer interaction. Usability of interfaces.
Human–computer interaction (commonly referred to as HCI) researches the design and use of computer technology, focused on the interfaces between people (users) and computers. Researchers in the field of HCI both observe the ways in which humans interact with computers and design technologies that let humans interact with computers in novel ways.
Human-computer interaction (HCI) is a relatively new science that includes study, planning and development of interaction between people (users) and computers. Often, it is regarded as a blend of computer science, behavioral science, engineering, and other sciences. The interaction between users and computers occurs at the user interface level, which includes hardware and software; e.g., images or objects displayed on the display screen, the data received from the user via the hardware input devices (such as keyboard and mouse), and other types of user interaction with large automated systems such as aircrafts and power stations.
Another definition of HCI as «the discipline dealing with the design, evaluation and implementation of the interactive computing systems for human use, as well as the study of the related processes» was given in the Report of the group responsible for the development of recommendations to the educational program in Human-Computer Interaction (August, 1988). This group was formed from members of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). ACM and the IEEE Computer Society are the largest scientific and professional communities of specialists in computer science which played a key role in the development of computer science education programs. After this report, HCI module is a mandatory raft of the Computer Science course.
Sometimes, HCI is called human-machine interaction and computer-human interaction. Thus, HCI studies and takes into consideration both human and computer related factors. From the computer perspective it is important to consider computer graphics technology, operating systems, programming languages, development environments, engineering, and design. From the human side more attention is required to communication theory, graphic and industrial design, linguistics, sociology, cognitive psychology and human factors such as user satisfaction.
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Therefore, in the design, development and use of devices and programs we should take into account the basics of physics, ergonomics, ecology, psychology, chemistry, the conditions in which the interaction occurs, the purpose of the systems and much more.
Human-computer interaction is a relatively new discipline that dynamically evolves with:
· Expanding the range of devices;
· Expanding the scope of the interactive devices;
· Increasing the number and complexity of the problems the mankind is facing today;
· Increasing knowledge about the nature and psychology of the individual.
The main objective of the HCI is to understand the user, his motivation and the problem he is solving. Crucially important for its understanding is the perception of software and devices, because sometimes perception cannot be controlled solely by logic and reasoning. The main features of perception are vagueness, subjectivity and variability. In this regard, perception should be clearly distinguished from logic and intelligence. The first is the prerogative of professionals in the creative field (theater, poetry, painting, music, dance). The second is the instrument of scientists (physics, mathematics, economics, public administration). Nevertheless, perception has its own logic and mechanics – neurological basis, and we are getting closer to understanding it.
Modern computers with appropriate software are able to perform most of the logic operations, data processing and analysis necessary for solving many problems and making proper decisions. The initial data and parameters for all kind of programs solely depend on the data uploaded into the computer by the human. In turn process depends on our perception, data selection and technical competence. No matter how powerful a computer is, no matter how intelligent is the program, the results of the work will entirely rely on the mitral data.
This statement is confirmed by the data processing inequality of information theory.
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If X Y Z, then I (X; Y) ≥ I (X; Z), where X,Y and Z is the sequence of the interdependent environment states, I(X;Y) is information of Y and X about each other.
This inequality could be interpreted as follows: if we think of Z as being the result of some processing that is done on the data Y, that is Z=f(Y) for some function, deterministic or random, then there is no function that can increase the amount of information that Y tells about X. Thus, no matter what processing you do on some data, you cannot get more information out of a set of data than was there to begin with.
For example, let’s consider the economic model. Its values rely in the correct selection of the components and the connections between them. All these are a matter of perception and measurement carried out on the basis of data selection. If the computer processes the data based on false perception, the results can be inappropriate or even dangerous.
History of Human-Computer Interaction Development. The ideas of creating digital computers appeared in the late XVIII and early XIX centuries, but the computer technology became available only in the mid XX century. The first electronic compute5rs were intended to perform labor-intensive mathematical calculations with the assistance of specialists.
The program and data were uploaded into the first ENIAC computer (1943) by means of switches and flexible cables with plugs inserted into the right connectors.
In 1945, punched tapes with the programs on them were used for interactive with a computer. Punched paper tapes and punched cards were used as the media for many years (for storing programs and putting them into a computer) (Fig. 4,2)
In 1960 American computer scientist J.R.Licklider who lived in 1915-1990 formulated the idea of combining human intelligence and computer technology for information management. He also has made a huge contribution to the emergence of the modern Internet. This contribution consisted of ideas and principles, not of technologies and inventions. The great scientist foresaw the need for networked computers with simple user interfaces. His ideas anticipated computer graphics, point-and-click interfaces, digital libraries c-commerce, online banking, as well as software to be placed on the network.
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