Chapter 17   Life in town and country                                                                                      114

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First published 1989 Twenty-first impression 2006

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data McDowall, David

An illustrated history of Britain.

1. Great Britain-History

1. Title

941    DA30

ISBN-H 978-0-5B2-74914-6 ISBN-1O, 0-5B2-74914-X

Set in 11/13ptGoudyOldStyle

Printed in China GCC/21

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Penguin Books Ltd for permission to reproduce an extract from The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, translated by Nevdl Coghtll [Penguin C1a5sics, 1951, 1958, 1960), copyright (c) Nevill Coghill, 1951, 1958, 1960.

We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright photographs:

Aerofilms for page 6 (left) and 24 (top left). Bamaby's Picture Library for page 170 and 176 (bottom); BBC Hulton Picture Library (or pages 141, 144, 151, 154, 163 and 165; Bibliothequc Royale Alben lcr, Brussels (Ms 1 3076177 fo 24v) for page 47; Bodleian Library, Oxford (Ms Bodley 764 f 41v) for page 38 (right); [aner and Colin Bord for page 4; The Bridgeman Art Lihr<lry/British Museum, London for page 98; The Bridgcman Art Librarv/Tlchbome Park, Hampshire for pages 102- 103 and The Bridgcman An Library/Victoria and Alben Museum for page 78; City of Bristol Museum and An Gallery for page 106; Britain on View for pages 20 and 70; British Library for pages 14, 22. 24 (bottom right), 27, 42, 46, 50, 57, 60, 64, 75 and 146_; Trustees of the British Museum for pages 3, 5. 7, 12 and 91; Camera Press London for pages 175. 179 and 183 (Alben Watson); J. Allan Cash Photohbrarv for page 178; The Governing Body of Christ Church, Oxford for pages 45 and 62; Chnsne's for page 139 (top); City Council of Bnsrol and City of Bristol Record Office - 04720( I) for page 59; Courtesy of the Library of Congress for page 112; Presidents and Fellows of Corpus Christi College. Oxford for page 38 (top and bottom left); Crown copyright, published by permission of the Ministry of Defense and of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office/Cambridgc University Collection for page 117. Courtesy of the Dean and Chapter of Wesrminstcr for page 33; ln the Collection of the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensherrv, K.T. for page 92; Stanley Gibbons (or page l35 (left); The Guardian for page 96; Copyright reserved. Reproduced by gracious permission of Her Majesty the Queen for pages 86, II1 and 135 (right); Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England for page 24 (top right); Michael Holford for page 17; Illustrated London News Picture Library (or page 148; Imperial War Museum for page 160; A.F. Kersting for pages 31. 41. 58. 65 and 81; Lambeth Palace Library for page 54; Linen Hall Library, Belfast for page 122 (top); Llovd's of London for page 104; London Docklands Development Corporation for page 181; London Transport Museum Photographic Archive for page 158· Manchester City Art Galleries for page 137: Mansell Collection for 'pages 90, 98,

115 (left), 127 (top), 136 and 140: The Marquess of Bath, Longleat House, Warminster, Wiltshire for page 83; The Marqucss of Salisbury for page 82; The Marquess of Tavurock and the Trustees of the Bedford Estates, Woburn Abbey for page 74; Marvlebone Cnckcr Club for page 153; Kcnnerh McNally for page 19: Museum of London for page 142. Director of the National Army Museum, Chelsea, London for page 147; National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa for page 124. Reproduced by courtesy of the Trusrees. National Gallery, London for page 115 (right) and 119; National Library of Ireland, Lawrence Collection 11566 for page 150; The National Mannme Museum London for pages 66 and 126-7 (bottom); National Portrait Galiery for pages 51. 53, 67, 68,71. 87, 94 and 139 (bottom); The National Trust Photographic Library for page 130; North Yorkshire Counrv Library for page 152; PoppcrfOto for page 167. David Redfem for page 171; Or P.J. Revnolds for page 6 [right}; Trustees of thc Science Museum, London for page lOO. Sheffield City Librarics for page 133; Shell for page 176 (top); The Board of Trinity College, Duhlin for page 19; Tony Stone Pboroltbrarv -. London for page 2: Unlversuv Museum of National Antiquities, Oslo, Norway for page 16; Board of Trustees of the Victoria and Albert Museum for pages 101 and 110; The Victoria Art Gallery. Bath City Council for page 116; Wales Tourist Board for page 52; Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool for page 122 (bottom); Weald and Downland Open Air Museum, Singleton, Chichester, Wcst Sussex for pale 63.; West Stow Anglo-Saxon Village [rust for page 13; Wmdsor Caste, Royal LIbrary © Her MaJcsty the Queen for page 30; WooclmaosternelMuscum of London for page 10.

Cover photographs by: Bodl~ian Li.brary, Oxford (Ms Bodley 764 f . 41v] (top right}; A.F. Kersnng (middle left); The Marquess of Tavisrock and the Trustees of the Bedford Estates, Woburn Abbey (middle right); The National Maritime Museum, London (middle top &bottom right); National Portrait Gallery, London (top left); Popperfoto (bottom left); Tony Stone Photolibrary-London for the background.

Picture Research by Sandra Assersohn

Contents

Earliest times

Chapter 1       The foundation stones                                                                                                  3

The island ' Britain's prehistory ' The Celts · The Romans ' Roman life

Chapter 2       The Saxon invasion                                                                                                     11

The invaders ' Government and society ' Christianity: the partnership of Church and state ' The Vikings ' Who should be king?

Chapter 3       The Celtic kingdoms                                                                                                   18

Wales * Ireland • Scotland

The early Middle Ages

Chapter 4       Conquest and feudal rule                                                                                           23

The Norman Conquest · Feudalism . Kingship: a family business ' Magna Carta and the decline of feudalism

Chapter 5       The power of the kings of England                                                                            29

Church and state ' The beginnings of Parliament · Dealing with the Celts

Chapter 6       Government andsociety                                                                                         34

The growth of government · Law and justice ' Religious beliefs · Ordinary people in country andtown ' The growth of towns as centres of wealth : Language, literature and culture

The late Middle Ages

Chapter 7       The century of war, plague and disorder                                                                  43

War with Scotland and France ' The age of chivalry ' The century of plagues ' The poor in revolt · Heresy and orthodoxy

Chapter 8       The crisis of kings and nobles                                                                                    51

Thecrisis of kingship ' Wales in revolt · The struggle in France ' The Wars of the Roses ■Scotland

Chapter 9       Government and society                                                                                            57

Government and society ' The condition of women · Language and culture

The Tudors

Chapter 10   The birth of the nation state                                                                                      67

The new monarchy ' The Reformation ' The Protestant-Catholic struggle

Chapter 11     England and her neighbours                                                                                      73

The new foreign policy ' The new trading empire ' Wales ' Ireland · Scotland and England ' Mary Queen of Scots and the Scottish Reformation ' A Scottish king forEngland

Chapter 12       Government andsociety                                                                                         79

Tudor parliaments ' Rich and poor in town and country ' Domestic life ' Language and culture

The Stuarts

Chapter 13    Crown and Parliament                                                                                               87

Parliament against the Crown ' Religious disagreement · Civil war

Chapter 14    Republican and Restoration Britain                                                                          92

Republican Britain ' Catholicism, the Crown and the new constitutional monarchy ' Scotland and Ireland ' Foreign relations

Chapter 15    Life and thought                                                                                                         98

The revolution in thought · Life and work in the Stuart age ' Family life

The eighteenth century

Chapter 16    The political world                                                                                                107

Politics and finance ' Wilkes and liberty · Radicalism and the loss of the American colonies ' Ireland ' Scotland

Chapter 17   Life in town and country                                                                                      114

Town life ' The rich · The countryside ' Family life

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