May Might and Adverbs of Probability
May and Might
Use:
UseMay and Might to talk about what will possibly happen in the future. May and Might mean maybe will. They can refer to the future or the present.
Examples: I might have a pen in my bag. ( = present use)
She may arrive tomorrow. ( = future use)
Form:
May and Might are modal verbs, like can, will and should, so they follow the same rules.
1) Do not add ‘s’ to the third person singular.
He may come. NOT He mays come.
She might stay. NOT She mights stay.
2) To form a negative, add not after may and might.
He may not come. She might not stay.
3) To form questions, invert may/might and the subject. However, questions with might are not common.
Might he be late?
4) May can be used with ‘I’ or ‘we’ to make requests. However, can and could are more common.
May I have some chocolate? May we go to the party?
5) May and Might are always followed by a verb in the infinitive form.
I might go. NOT I might to go.
She might stay. NOT She might staying.
Will + adverbs of probability
Use:
You can use will and won’t with different adverbs to show how probable a future event is.
I’ll possibly go to the party.
I’ll probably go to the party.
I’ll definitely go to the party.
I’ll certainly go to the party.
Form:
Note that will / ‘ll is used before the adverb, but won’t is used after the adverb.
I’ll probably see you later.
I probably won’t see you later.
Should have
Use:
1) Should havecan be used to express regret about the past – to wish that something in the past had happened in a different way:
I should have studied for my exam!
(I didn’t study for my exams. I failed. Now I wish that the past was different.)
2) Should have can also be used to talk about something you expected to happen, but it didn’t happen (or it didn’t happen until later).
The letter should have arrived by now, but it hasn’t come yet.
(I was expecting a letter, but it isn’t here).
Here’s the bus! It should have been here twenty minutes ago.
(The bus is late. It has just arrived).
Form:
| I You He / She / It We They | should have + past participle should’ve shouldn’t have + past participle | You should have phoned me. You shouldn’t have done that. |
Intensifiers - so, such, too, enough
Too
Use:
Too means there is a lot of something. It shows a negative opinion.
It’s too hot =Itis very hot and I don’t like it.
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Form:
You can use too before an adjective.
It’s too cold. My trousers are too small.
You can also use it before an adverb,
You walk too fast. James speaks too quietly.
Before a noun, use too much (uncountable nouns) or many (countable nouns).
I ate too much food.
I ate too many sandwiches.
You can also use too much after a verb.
I ate too much.
Paul drinks too much.
Enough
Use:
Enough means you have what you need.
We have enough food for everyone = everyone has some food.
We don’t have enough food for everyone = some people don’t have chairs.
Form:
Write enough before a noun.
We have enough chairs.
But write it after an adjective or verb.
Are you warm enough? He’s qualified enough. She isn’t tall enough to be a model.
You don’t work hard enough. Are you sleeping enough?
Sentences with enough are sometimes followed by to + verb infinitive.
I’m not tall enough to reach the book.
I haven’t got enough money to buy that coat.
So
Use:
So means very.
It’s so hot!
Form:
So is generally used before an adjective or an adverb.
He’s so funny! He plays the piano so well!
However, in modern English, it is increasingly being used before nouns and verbs.
That dress is so last year! (= That dress is last year’s fashion)
I’m so going to shout at him when I see him! (so = really)
So can be used with a that clause, to show a result of the first clause.
I was so hot that I couldn’t sleep.
Such
Use:
Such also means very. Suchisused before anadjective and noun.
They are such nice children.
Form:
A / an, if necessary, go after such, not before.
That’s a such pretty dress. => That’s such a pretty dress!
LikeSo, Such can be used with a that clause, to show a result of the first clause.
I was such a nice day that we decided to go to the park.
Common mistakes
1) Some students use too with a positive meaning. But use so or very here
It’s too hot! I love the summer! => It’s so hot! I love the summer!
2) Some students write enough in the wrong place.
Do we have sugar enough? => Do we have enough sugar?
3) Some students use so / such…that incorrectly.
It was so hot that the sun was shining.
This sentence is not correct because ‘the sun was shining’ is not a direct result of ‘It was so hot’. The hot day did not cause the sun to shine.
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Future perfect
Use:
- Use the future perfect to talk about an event that will be finished and complete before a specified time in the future.
This time next week, I’ll will have finished this project.
Phrases often seen with this use of the future continuous include:
By ..., This time next week..., In __ years’ time...; when + present simple; by the time + present simple.
When you arrive, I’ll have prepared the dinner.
By the time I get home, my mum will probably have tidied the house.
- The future perfect is also use to make predictions about future events that will be complete before a specified future time.
Do you think Mel will have eaten all the chocolate cake?
No, she won’t have done that!
Form:
Make the future continuous this way:
Positive and Negative
| I you he / she it we they | will have won’t have | past participle |
Questions
| Will Won’t | I you he / she it we they | have | past participle? |
Be going to is rarely used to make the future perfect tense.
Tom’s going to have finished his lecture by the time we get there.
Future perfect
Use:
- Use the future perfect to talk about an event that will be finished and complete before a specified time in the future.
This time next week, I’ll will have finished this project.
Phrases often seen with this use of the future continuous include:
By ..., This time next week..., In __ years’ time...; when + present simple; by the time + present simple.
When you arrive, I’ll have prepared the dinner.
By the time I get home, my mum will probably have tidied the house.
- The future perfect is also use to make predictions about future events that will be complete before a specified future time.
Do you think Mel will have eaten all the chocolate cake?
No, she won’t have done that!
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Form:
Make the future continuous this way:
Positive and Negative
| I you he / she it we they | will have won’t have | past participle |
Questions
| Will Won’t | I you he / she it we they | have | past participle? |
Be going to is rarely used to make the future perfect tense.
Tom’s going to have finished his lecture by the time we get there.
Future perfect continuous
Use:
- Use the future perfect continuous to talk about an event that will be in progress for some time before a specified time in the future.
Janet will be really tired when we get home. She will have been looking after the children all day!
- It can be used to make predictions about event that will be in progress before a specified time in the future.
Joe won’t mind that we are late. He won’t have been waiting long.
- It can be used to predict what was happening in the past.
“What do you think the men were doing in the store room?”
“Don’t worry. They will have been unpacking boxes.”
- Both the fixed future time and the length of time of are often mentioned in future perfect continuous sentences.
By the end of this week, I’ll have been working here for five months.
Fixed future time: the end of this week
Length of time: five months
But this is not always the case.
Anne will be in a bad mood at the party this evening because she’ll have been doing housework.
Form:
Positive and Negative
| I you he / she it we they | will have won’t have | been + verb-ing |
Questions
| Will Won’t | I you he / she it we they | have | been + verb-ing? |
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Mixed Conditionals
Use:
Mixed conditional sentences combine two different conditional patterns.
Several patterns can be used:
- mixed first conditional sentences
First conditional sentences can use a variety of modal verbs.
If + present simple, can / may / might / will / should + verb (infinitive)
If you give me some money, I can buy some milk.
If I finish my homework, may I go out with my friends?
If you switch the photocopier off and on again, it should work.
First conditional sentences can also use going to, as well as will.
If + present simple, going to + verb (infinitive)
If you don’t get ready soon, we’re going to be late!
Thepresent continuousandGoing tocan also appear in the If clause
If you’re going to the shop, can you buy me some cola?
If you’re going to pay him, make sure you get a receipt.
The present perfect may also appear in the If clause.
If you’ve finished your work, you can go home.
- mixed third / second conditional
This combination describes an imagined event in the past and the present result.
If + past perfect, would + verb (infinitive)
If he'd taken the medicine, he wouldn't still be sick.
He wouldn’t still be sick if he’d taken the medicine.
- mixed second / third conditional
This combination describes a situation which is never true, and the past consequence of this situation.
If + past simple, would have + verb (infinitive)
If you were better at speaking in public, the presentation would have been more successful.
The presentation would have been more successful if you were better at speaking in public.
Past Perfect Continuous
Use:
The past perfect continuous is used when telling a story about the past. It is generally used alongside other narrative tenses such as the past simple.
The past perfect continuous describes an event which was in progress for a period of time before another event in the past. We use it when we do not want to say the events in the order they happened.
Example:
A sentence with the events in the order they happened:
John was having trouble sleeping, so he went to the doctor late.
A sentence in which the events are NOT in order:
John went to the doctor because he had been having trouble sleeping.
The continuous event which happened before the other verb is in the past perfect tense.
b) Write any adverbs between had and been
They had already been waiting for half an hour.
He’d only been working there a week before he got fired.
Form:
| I you he / she / it we they | had / ‘d hadn’t | been + verb-ing |
Separable phrasal verbs
Use:
Separable phrasal verbs consist of two parts. They always require an object.
They are often used, especially in informal spoken English. The meaning of phrasal verbs is often completely different from the meaning of the verb alone.
Form:
1) The object of a phrasal verb can go either between the verb and the preposition or after the preposition.
I handed in my homework.
I handed my homework in.
2) If the object of the sentence is a pronoun, it must go between the two parts of the phrasal verb.
I handed it in NOT I handed in it.
Examples:
Some common separable phrasal verbs:
pick someone/something up= collect
Please can you pick me up from the station?
drop someone/something off= take and leave/ deposit
I dropped John off outside his school.
throw away= discard
I threw all my old school papers away.
write down= note
I wrote Sally’s phone number down on a piece of paper.
make up= invent
Henry likes to make stories up about dinosaurs.
take back= return
This shirt is too small. I’m going to take it back to the shop.
let down= disappoint
James studied hard because he didn’t want to let his parents down.
turn down= reject
The company offered me a job, but I turned it down.
wash up= wash (dishes)
Can you wash your plates up please?
take off= remove (clothes)
Please take off your shoes before you come inside.
put on= dress in (clothes)
You’ll need to put a coat on. It’s cold.
turn up / down= increase / decrease volume/ temperature
Can you turn the music down please? It’s very loud.
try on= wear and test (clothes)
Please can I try on these trousers?
give up = stop doing something.
She smokes a lot, but she wants to give it up.
take up = start doing something (a new hobby)
I’ve decided to take up running.
Defining Relative Clauses
Use:
Use defining relative clauses to give information about a noun in a sentence. The listener or reader NEEDS this information to understand the sentence.
A doctor is a person who cures sick people.
The girl who sits next to me at work has a bag just like yours.
Form:
- Use who to give more information about a person.
An architect is a person who designs buildings.
- Use which or that to give more information about a thing.
A corkscrew is a thing which you use to open bottles.
The book that you gave me for my birthday is really interesting.
- Use where to give more information about a place.
That’s the place where we got married.
The town where my uncle lives is a few miles from here.
- Because non-defining relative clauses give essential information, no commas (,) are needed.
- If the noun which the relative clause describes (usually at the beginning of the sentence) is the OBJECT of the sentence, you can delete which, that or who.
The man who is wearing the blue suit is my brother.
The manis thesubjectof the sentence. You cannot deletewho.
The man (who) George is talking to is my brother.
Georgeis the subjectof the sentence.
The manis the objectof the sentence.
(The sentence can be rewritten: George is talking to a man. The man is my brother).So you can delete who.
The book you lent me is really good.
You is the subject of the sentence.
The book is the object of the sentence.
(The sentence can be rewritten: You lent me a book. The book is really good. Which / that is not necessary.)
The book which is on the table is really good.
You is the subject of the sentence. (The sentence can be rewritten:The book is on the table. It’s really good. Which / thatis necessary.)
Wish / If only
Use:
Wish and If only can be used:
a) To wish for an ability now or in the future.
I wish I could play the guitar!
If only I could dance like that!
I wish I could go to your wedding next week, but I can’t.
If only I could see my grandmother more often, but I can’t.
b) To wish that something could be true at the moment.
I wish I had long hair! If only I were taller!
c) To wish that something was happening at the moment.
I wish I was lying on the beach right now! If only I was lying on the beach right now!
d) To wish that something kept happening again and again, or to wish it could stop happening.
I wish you wouldn’t shout so loudly. If only he wouldn’t shout so loudly.
e) To wish that something in the past had happened in a different way.
I wish I had studied for my exam! If only I hadn’t argues with him!
Form:
- To wish for an ability now or in the future.
I wish (that) / If only + subject + could + infinitive verb
I wish that I could sing.
I wish (that) / If only + subject + could + infinitive verb
If only I could come to Australia too!
- To wish that something could be true at the moment.
I wish (that) / If only + subject + past simple
I wish I had a pony.
I wish (that) / If only + subject + past simple
I wish I was rich.
When using the verb ‘be’, you can use ‘were’ for all persons.
I wish I were rich. If only I were rich.
- To wish that something was happening at the moment.
I wish (that) / If only +subject + past continuous
I wish that this traffic was moving.
If only this traffic was/were moving!
- To wish that something kept happening again and again, or to wish it could stop happening.
I wish (that) / If only + subject + would + past participle
I wish you would tidy up more often.
Often: I wish (that) / If only + subject + would stop + verb-ing
I wish he would stop shouting.
I wish (that) / If only + subject + wouldn’t keep + verb-ing
I wish you wouldn’t keep hitting me.
- To wish that something in the past had happened in a different way.
I wish (that) / If only + past perfect
I wish I had studied for my exam!
If only I hadn’t argued with him!
Used to / Would
Use:
- We say Used toto talk about something that was true in the past, but is not true now.
There used to be a park here, but now there’s a shopping centre.
My grandmother used to have beautiful blonde hair, but now her hair is grey.
You can say used to to talk about states (things that were true for a long period of time) or repeated actions (things that happened several times).
I used to live in Denver.(True for a long period of time)
I used to go to the park every Friday. (A repeated action)
Write adverbs before used to.
I always used to cycle to school.
I never used to eat vegetables.
- You can use Would in a similar way to used to. It describes things that were true in the past but are not true now.
When I was a child, my dad would read to me every night.
Would CANNOT be used to talk about states. It can only be used to talk about repeated actions.
There would be a park here. => There used to be a park here.
Write adverbs after would.
I would always talk to my grandma when I had a problem.
Form:
|
I / You / He / She / It / They / We | used to didn’t use to / never used to |
verb (infinitive) |
| would wouldn’t |
Questions
| Did |
you / he / she / it / they | use to + verb (infinitive) |
| Would | verb (infinitive) |
Common Mistakes:
Many students confuse used to do and be used to doing. This is another phrase. It means ‘be familiar with doing something’.
I am used to live near here. => I used to live near here.
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