Moreover, what is more, in addition, furthermore, above all
A. The sample will soon melt._________ it will flow out of the sample
holder.
Of course, therefore, as a result, accordingly, in consequence of
A. There is just one small problem._________ I want to use the
instrument tomorrow.
Namely, that is, that is to say, for example, in other words, specifically
A. .__________ , we have shown that these methods have much in
common.
In summary, in conclusion, overall, altogether
A. I don't want to work on the paper today.________ , I have a class and
________ I'm very tired.
Firstly, first of all, for one thing secondly, for another thing, also
Climate
1. Read and translate the following text
When the Spanish conquerors sailed southward along the west coast of the Americas, they saw ocean currents that were a blessing and a curse. A curse because the waters moved in the opposite direction: northward and offshore. A blessing because in the tropical heat those waters w ere cool, even cold.
Soon scholars were asking the obvious questions: why are the w aters off Ecuador and Peru so cool under rhc heat of the equatorial sun? From the northward movement of the current, it was concluded that this was Antarctic cold, carried to the tropics. Alexander von Humboldt, the great explorer- geographer. measured water temperatures that seemed to confirm that idea, for a time, his name was associated with the phenomenon: the Humboldt Current. Today we know that something else contributes more significantly to the coolness of the ocean off tropical western South America: an upwelling of cold water from hundreds of feet below the surface. And the current is now called the Peru Current. Between them, the Peru Current and those upwelling. cold waters, produce the temperatures that Humboldt recorded.
As time went on, it was found out that those cold waters near Peru and Ecuador contain huge amounts of marine life. In fact, they were the richest fishing grounds anywhere in the world, and from Peruvian and Ecuadorian ports, fleets of fishing boats brought baek millions of tons offish over the years. The boat captains noticed, however, that something happened every year around Christmas or very early in the new year: their catch shrank to only about 10 со 20 peieent of the average for other periods. The fish seemed to disappear. Then, a couple of months later, the fish would come baek and the catch would be back to normal.
It was known that the scarcity of fish, beginning in late December, had something to do with another phenomenon: ihe water that w as usually so cool, warmed up. And the direction of the current changed. Warm water started to flow southward along the coast, always around Christmas time. So. the locals called this annual event F.l Nino (The Little One), a name given to the Christ child whose birthday coincides very nearly with the onset of the warming trend.
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Soon scientists began to realise that this F.1 Nino might be more than a local phenomenon. As more became known about the prevailing winds in the area, the mechanism was revealed: when winds blow from east (land) to west (toward water, the Pacific), surface water is moved from the coast into the farther ocean. Taking the place of this windblown water is water from the deep-cold, nutrient-rich water that rises to fill the now-available space.
Another question proved much more difficult to answer. How does El Nino overcome this mechanism, replacing the cold upwclling water with a warm southward-flowing current? And why is HI Nino so much stronger in some years than in others?
As climatologists and meteorologists studied these problems, they realised that they had come upon something much more important than a mere local phenomenon. When El Nino was particularly strong, as in 1891 and 1925 and in 1982-83. it caused more than just a drop in the fish catch. Climatic events elsewhere in the world seemed somehow connected to it: monsoon failure in India, famine in Africa, typhoons in unusual Pacific locations. El Nino appeared to be a manifestation of global climatic irregularity, evidence that something was out of balance.
2. Answer the following questions
· What was a blessing and a curse for the Spanish conquerors?
· Why were the currents a blessing?
· Why were the currents a curse?
· Who was the first explorer to describe El Nino?
· What does the name ЕI Nino mean?
· When doеs it happen?
· What are the climatic events of Еl Nino?
3. Fill in the correct word(s) from the list below
long-term, absorb, zones, tee- cow red. distance, share, .same, nearer, altitude, three, differ, dense vegetation, factor, tundra, falls, low slopes, a pattern, conditions, reach.
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Typical_____ weather conditions for an area are known as its climate. There are_____broad climate zones: tropical, temperate, and polar. One____that affects climate is___from the equator (latitude). Different areas of the planet can_____the______ climate because they share the same latitude. The _________ the equator, the warmer the climate, and the nearer the poles, the colder. Distance from the sea and______also affect climate.
The temperate climates of North America and Northern Europe have seasons and a_____of seasonal rainfall.
In a city, such as Paris, the weather may_______ from that of outlying areas. Roads and buildings__________heat to create a local or microclimate. The climate in regions of_____Near the equator is hot and wet all year round. The temperature stays constant at about S0-82°F (27-28°C). At the_______poles, temperatures only rise above freezing for a few months of the year. The cold, dry_____region surrounds the north pole.
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