Describe Classification of Research Methods in Psychology (7 vopros)
Lab experiment.This type of experiment is conducted in a well-controlled environment – not necessarily a laboratory – and therefore accurate and objective measurements are possible. Field Experiment.These are conducted in the everyday (i.e. natural) environment of the participants but the situations are still artificially set up.Case Studyare in-depth investigations of a single person, group, event or community. Correlation means association - more precisely it is a measure of the extent to which two variables are related. If an increase in one variable tends to be associated with an increase in the other then this is known as a positive correlation. If an increase in one variable tends to be associated with a decrease in the other then this is known as a negative correlation.A zero correlation occurs when there is no relationship between variables.Interviews.Unstructured (informal) interviews are like a casual conversation. There are no set questions and the participant is given the opportunity to raise whatever topics he/she feels are relevant and ask them in their own way. Structured (formal) interviews are like a job interview. There is a fixed, predetermined set of questions that are put to every participant in the same order and in the same way. Questionnaires can be thought of as a kind of written interview. They can be carried out face to face, by telephone or post.The questions asked can be open ended, allowing flexibility in the respondent's answers, or they can be more tightly structured requiring short answers or a choice of answers from given alternatives. Observations.Covert observations are when the researcher pretends to be an ordinary member of the group and observes in secret. Overt observations are when the researcher tells the group he or she is conducting research (i.e. they know they are being observed).
Natural: Here spontaneous behavior is recorded in a natural setting.
Controlled: behavior is observed under controlled laboratory conditions
Participant: Here the observer has direct contact with the group of people they are observing.
Non-participant. The researcher does not have direct contact with the people being observed. Content Analysis is a research tool used to indirectly observe the presence of certain words, images or concepts within the media (e.g. advertisements)
9. Describe Neuroscience and Behaviour
Neuroscience is a relatively young, exciting, and fundamentally interdisciplinary field devoted to the study of the nervous systems. Problems range from investigation of the evolution of nervous system in basal vertebrates to the application of neuroscience to education and law. Neuroscientists also seek to develop neurologically plausible models of human thinking, affect and behavior.
|
|
|
Neuroscience creates a context for scholarly conversation about the nature of mind, brain, and behavior. It engages experts in collaboration across diverse fields, including biological sciences, chemistry, computer science, engineering, linguistics, mathematics, medicine, philosophy, physics and psychology. Reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of the major, the curriculum includes flexibility such that it can be customized to best prepare students for a variety of future careers.
Behavior or behaviour (see spelling differences) is the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems, or artificial entities in conjunction with themselves or their environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the (inanimate) physical environment.
Behavioral science is the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behaviour through controlled and naturalistic observation, and disciplined scientific experimentation. It attempts to accomplish legitimate, objective conclusions through rigorous formulations and observation.[1] Examples of behavioural sciences include psychology, psychobiology, criminology and cognitive science.
Research Mission
The research mission of the Neuroscience & Behaviour Theme is to explore the relationship between brain function and behaviour. Genetic and molecular signalling within neurons and glia build functional networks and regulate the neuronal activity which underlie behaviour and psychology. Adaption during development and ageing provide further insights into the physiological and psychological limitations of performance, informing studies of brain injury and neurodegeneration and novel approaches to therapy
10. Describe parent and child relationship
Definition. The parent-child relationship consists of a combination of behaviors, feelings, and expectations that are unique to a particular parent and a particular child. The relationship involves the full extent of a child's development.
|
|
|
The quality of the parent-child relationship is affected by the parent's age, experience, and self-confidence
; the stability of the parents' marriage; and the unique characteristics of the child compared with those of the parent.Characteristics of the parent
Characteristics of the parent. Parental self-confidence is an important indicator of parental competence. Mothers who believe that they are effective parents are more competent than mothers who feel incompetent. Also, mothers who see themselves as effective also tend to believe their infants as less difficult to handle. Parental age and previous experience are also important. Older mothers tend to be more responsive to their infants than younger mothers. In addition, parents who have had previous experience with children, whether through younger siblings, career paths, or previous children, are often times better able to cope with parenthood.
Characteristics of the child. Characteristics that may affect the parent-child relationship in a family include the child's physical appearance, sex, and temperament . At birth, the infant's physical appearance may not meet the parent's expectations, or the infant may resemble a disliked relative. As a result, the parent may subconsciously reject the child. If the parents wanted a baby of a particular sex, they may be disappointed if the baby is the opposite sex. If parents do not have the opportunity to talk about this disappointment, they may reject the infant.
Children who are loved thrive better than those who are not. Either parent or a nonparent caregiver may serve as the primary caregiver or form the primary parent-child love relationship. Loss of love from a primary caregiver can occur with the death of a parent or interruption of parental contact through prolonged hospitalizations. Divorce can interfere with the child's need to eat, improve, and advance. Cultural norms within the family also affect a child's likelihood to achieve particular developmental milestones.
11. Explain main directions in Psychology
|
|
|
The main directions of development of psychology in the XX century .:
Behaviorism [8] The founders of behaviorism - Thorndike (1874-1949) and George. Watts (1878-1958). In this direction it reduces psychological study of the subject, especially for the analysis of behavior, which is widely interpreted as all kinds of reactions to environmental stimuli. At the same time excluded from the subject of study itself is the mind, consciousness.
Psychoanalysis, or Freudianism - Freudianism is typical for an explanation of mental phenomena through the unconscious. Its core is the idea of the eternal conflict between the conscious and the unconscious in the human psyche. According to Freud, human actions are controlled by the deep motives elude consciousness.
Geshtaltpsihologiya [9] -Predmetom began studying laws of formation, structuring and transformation of the mental image. The first experimental studies have been devoted to the analysis of Gestalt perception and allowed to further identify a number of phenomena in this area. The main representatives of this trend - M. Wertheimer, W. Keller, K. Koffka.
Humanistic psychology - the direction of foreign psychology, recently rapidly developing in Russia. The main subject of humanistic psychology is the personality as a unique integrated system, which is not something predetermined, and "open the possibility of" self-actualization inherent to man. Within the framework of humanistic psychology occupies a prominent place personality theory developed by American psychologist Abraham Maslow.
Genetic Psychology. The object of study - the origin and development of intelligence in the child, the main task - to study the mechanisms of cognitive activity of the child. Intelligence investigated as a measure of individual development, and as a subject of action on the basis of which there is intellectual activity.
12. Describe experiment in Psychology
Psychological experiments - conducted in special circumstances experience to produce new scientific knowledge about psychology through targeted intervention researcher in the livelihoods of the test.
|
|
|
In psychology, experimental research has its own characteristics, which allows to consider it separately from research in other sciences. Specifics of the psychological experiment is that:
As a construct of the psyche can not be objectively observed and its activities can be found only on the basis of its manifestations, for example, in the form of a certain behavior.
In the study of mental processes it is considered impossible to identify any one of them, and the effect always occurs on the psyche as a whole (or, from the modern point of view, the body as a single indivisible system).
In experiments with human beings (as well as some of the higher animals, such as primates) there is an active interaction between the experimenter and the subject.
This cooperation, including making necessary the presence of the subject instruction (which obviously is not typical of natural science experiments).
We can distinguish the following main advantages possessed by experimental method in psychological research [8]:
· The ability to choose the time of start of the event
· Repeatability studied events
· The variability of the results by the conscious manipulation of independent variables
· Provides high accuracy results
· Repeat testing under similar conditions
Supporters of the unacceptability of the experimental method in psychology based on the following provisions:
· Subject-subject relations research violates rules
· Mind has the property of spontaneity
· Mind too unstable
· Mind too is unique
· Psyche - too complicated object of study
·
13. Describe observation method in PsychologyWhat is a weakness of observation method in Psychology
Дата добавления: 2018-04-05; просмотров: 415; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!