Her spirit, though crushed, was not broken

Формы причастия 1 и герундия омонимичны, но различаются:

1. по значению. Причастие 1 выражает либо действие, приписываемое предмету как его признак, либо сопутствующее, побочное действие. Герундий имеет черты сходства с существительным, выражает почти опредмеченное действие,

2. по употреблению: обе неличные формы встречаются только функции определения и обстоятельства, но герундий в этих функциях употребляется всегда с предлогом, а причастие 1 – без.

3. Причастие 1 может выражать значения, аналогичные значениям деепричастия в РЯ: если Причастие 1 в функции обстоятельства выражает действие, одновременное действию в глаголе-сказуемом, то оно соответствует русскому деепричастию несовершенного вида:

That night walking up the great street, he wished… (Идя по улице…)   

The Participle I Indefinite Active or Passive denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the verb-predicate, thus, it may refer to the present, past or future.

Participle I Perfect Active or Passive denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the verb-predicate.

NOTE: with verbs of sense perception and motion to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to seize, to look, to turn and some others Participle I Indefinite is used,

when priority is meant.

Hearing a footstep below he rose and went to the top of the stairs.

The syntactic  functions of the Participle:

1. Attribute: Participle I Indefinite Active corresponds to the Russian “действительное причастие” or a clause, in this function it always expresses an action simultaneous with the moment of speaking, either in the present-time context, or on the past-time context; it does not express priority. Participle I Indefinite Passive is seldom used as an attribute. Participle I Perfect Active or Passive is not used attributively.

The man crossing the street is my brother( переходящий).

 They stopped to admire the stream winding away (извивавшийся)among the trees.

2. Adverbial modifier:

- of time:

      Approaching Malta Street, Soames thought of those years in Brighton.

If the action expressed by the Participle I Indefinite Active is simultaneous with the action of the verb-predicate, while and when are often used:

         While waiting for the water to boil, he held his face over the stove.

NOTE: The Participle I Indefinite of the verb to be is not used as an adverbial modifier of time. Such clauses as “Когда он был ребенком…, Когда он был в командировке…” may be translated “When a boy…, When he was a boy…, When on a business trip…”

- of cause:

Having a richer complexion, Mr. Skimpole looked younger.

- of manner and attendant circumstances:

She was silent, again looking at her hands.

- of comparison: introduced by as if, as though:

This was said as if thinking aloud.

Predicative

Participle I is seldom used and is rendered into

1. Part of a Complex Object:

We heard the wheels of the car crashing on the gravel.

1. Part of a compound verbal predicate:

Other footsteps were heard crossing the room below.

1. Parenthesis:

Generally speaking, I don’t like troubles.

Participle II has no tense distinctions (оно неизменяемо) written, regarded, translated, fallen; it has only one form which can express both an action simultaneous with, and prior to, the action expressed by the verb-predicate:

His sister’s eyes fixed on him with astonishment, obliged him to look at the girl.

I was reminded of a portrait seen in a gallery.

Participle II of transitive verbs has a passive meaning: a broken glass, a caged bird.

Participle II of intransitive verbs has no passive meaning – it is used only in compound tense-forms and has no independent function in the sentence unless it belongs to a verb which denotes passing into a new state: a withered flower, a faded leaf.

The syntactic functions of Participle II:

1. attribute:

He answered through the locked door.

Participle II of transitive verbs is rendered into Russian by страдательное причастие/ действительное причастие – a broken chair –сломанный стул, a newspaper published in Moscow – газета, издаваемая в Москве, the problem discussed at the meeting – вопрос, обсуждавшийся на собрании.

Participle II of an intransitive which denote passing into a new state may be used attributively only in a few cases, mostly with the verbs to fade, to wither, to retire, to fall, to vanish:a fallen star, the vanished jewels.

1. adverbial modifier (with “when, while, as if, as though, though”):

- of time:

When questioned,  Annie said that she was anxious about her brother.

- of condition

It was a dreadful thing which, if discovered, would bring him to court.

- of comparison

As if torn with inner conflict, he cried.

- of concession

Her spirit, though crushed, was not broken

1. as a predicative:

In spite of himself, he was impressed.

1. as part of a Complex Object:

She has found me unaltered.

THE NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION WITH THE PARTICIPLE:

Both the Participle I and the Participle II can form a predicative complex, where the first element is a noun, a nounal phrase, a personal pronoun or rarely a pronoun it \ this; the second element of the complex is the Participle I or Participle II used independently or with words dependent of it.

    George yawning, the conversation dropped.

This being so, I should like you to reconsider your answer.

The complex is often used with the prepositions “with \ without”:

He had been lying quietly, since the car started, with his head pillowed on his arms.

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