Тема 2:Political system of Australia



1.Прочитайте и выучите слова:

governor general генерал-губернатор
appoint назначать (на должность), утверждать (в должности)
executive council исполнительный совет
advisory cabinet совещательный кабинет
legislative законодательный
senate сенат
senator сенатор
executive power исполнительная власть
coalition коалиция, союз
take  effect вступать в силу
external affairs иностранные дела
interstate междуштатный
international trade международная торговля
defense мероприятия оборонного характера
inconsistent противоречивый, несовместимый
penalty наказание; взыскание; штраф
participation участие
election выборы

Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

Political system of Australia

Australia is a constitutional monarchy, with the Queen of Great Britain at its head.

It consists of six states and two territories.

The queen is represented by the Governor General, who is appointed by the Australian government. The Governor General appoints members of the Executive Council, his advisory cabinet.

The main legislative body in the country is Federal Parliament. It consists of the Queen, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The members of the Senate are elected for a six-year term. There are ten senators from each state and two from each territory in the Senate. The House of Representatives is elected by general direct vote for a three-year term.

The executive power belongs to the queen and the government. It is headed by the Prime Minister. The ministers are chosen from members of Parliament and the Executive Council.

There are two major political parties in Australia: the Australian Labour party and a coalition of the Liberal and the Agrarian parties.

Till the 1930s Australia mostly depended upon Great Britain in its political affairs. But in 1931 Australia became fully independent from Great Britain.

The Australian Constitution took effect on January 1st 1901. There are six state-governments (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania), two self-governing territories (the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory), and a national government (also called Commonwealth government).

The Commonwealth parliament can make laws about external affairs, interstate and international trade, defense and immigration. The state parliaments cannot make laws that are inconsistent with Commonwealth laws.

The national legislative power is divided between two chambers, or “Houses”: the House of Representatives and the Senate, both directly elected by the Australian people. The Australian government is formed by the party or coalition of parties that has the majority in the House of Representatives. Currently, Malcolm Turnbull is a Prime Minister.

In Australia, every citizen that has turned eighteen has to vote or he will have to pay a small penalty, resulting in a participation rate of more that 90%! Each citizen has to vote for the elections of the three “levels”: national, state or territorial, and local.

The states have two Houses each, except for Queensland, and the territories have one House. State parliaments and governments are responsible for: law and order, consumer affairs, health, education, forestry, public transports and main roads.

There are two main political forces in Australia. The political system in Australia is therefore a two-party system:

§ A coalition of the Liberal and National Parties (which has governed Australia for periods totaling more than 40 years)

§ The Australian Labor party (which has governed Australia for periods totaling 20 years).

Политическая система Австралии

Австралия является конституционной монархией, с королевой Великобритании во главе государства.

Она состоит из шести штатов и двух территорий.

Королева представлена генерал-губернатором, который назначается правительством Австралии. Генерал-губернатор назначает членов Исполнительного совета - его консультативного кабинета.

Основным законодательным органом страны является федеральный парламент. Он состоит из королевы, Сената и Палаты представителей. Члены Сената избираются на шестилетний срок. Есть десять сенаторов от каждого штата и по два от каждой территории в Сенате. Палата представителей избирается всеобщим прямым голосованием на трехлетний срок.

Исполнительная власть принадлежит королеве и правительству. Ее возглавляет премьер-министр. Министры выбираются из членов парламента и Исполнительного совета.

Есть две основные политические партии в Австралии: Австралийская лейбористская партия и коалиция Либеральной и Аграрной партий.

До 1930-х годов Австралия  в основном зависила от Великобритании в политической жизни. Но в 1931 году Австралия стала полностью независимой от Великобритании.

Конституция Австралии вступила в силу 1 января 1901 года. Есть шесть правительств штатов (Квинсленд, Новый Южный Уэльс, Виктория, Южная Австралия, Западная Австралия и Тасмания), две самоуправляющиеся территории (Австралийская столичная территория и Северная территория) и национальное правительство (также называемое правительством Содружества).

Парламент Содружества может принимать законы о внешней политике, межгосударственной и международной торговле, обороне и иммиграции. Государственные парламенты не могут принимать законы, которые не соответствуют законам Содружества.

Национальная законодательная власть делится между двумя палатами или «Домами»: Палатой представителей и Сенатом, которые непосредственно избираются австралийским народом. Австралийское правительство формируется партией или коалицией партий, которая имеет большинство в Палате представителей. В настоящее время Малкольм Тернбулл является премьер-министром.

В Австралии каждый гражданин, которому исполнилось восемнадцать лет, должен проголосовать или ему придется заплатить небольшой штраф, в результате чего коэффициент участия составит более 90%! Каждый гражданин должен голосовать за выборы трех «уровней»: национальных, государственных или территориальных и местных.

В штатах есть два Дома, кроме Квинсленда, и на территориях есть один Дом. Государственные парламенты и правительства отвечают за: правопорядок, потребительские дела, здравоохранение, образование, лесное хозяйство, общественные перевозки и основные дороги.

В Австралии есть две основные политические силы. Поэтому политическая система в Австралии является двухпартийной системой:

 Коалиция либералов и национальных партий (которая управляла Австралией в течение более 40 лет)

 Австралийская рабочая партия (которая управляла Австралией в течение 20 лет).

 

 

3. Translate the following word combinations:

Constitutional monarchy- конституционная монархия, advisory cabinet-консультативный кабинет, legislative body-законодательный орган, direct vote-прямой голос, executive power-исполнительная власть, major political parties-основные политические партии, external affairs-внешние дела, international trade-международная торговля.

 

4.  Match the sentences according to the information of the text:

1EAustralia is a constitutional monarchy, a is Federal Parliament.
2HIt consists of b to the queen and the government.
3AThe main legislative body in the country c the Australian Labour party and a coalition of the Liberal and the Agrarian parties.
4IThere are ten senators from each state and d national, state or territorial, and local.
5B The executive power belongs e with the Queen of Great Britain at its head.
6CThere are two major political parties in Australia: f external affairs, interstate and international trade, defense and immigration.
7JBut in 1931 Australia became g that has the majority in the House of Representatives.
8FThe Commonwealth parliament can make laws about h six states and two territories.
9GThe Australian government is formed by the party or coalition of parties i two from each territory in the Senate.
10DEach citizen has to vote for the elections of the three “levels”: j fully independent from Great Britain.

5. Give the definitions of the following words:

1F monarchy a the female ruler of a country
2A  queen b the most important minister and leader of the government in some countries which have a parliament
3I government c organization with particular beliefs and aims, which you can vote for in elections
4H parliament d someone who lives in a particular town, country, or state
5B prime minister e a punishment for breaking a law, rule, or legal agreement
6Cparty f the system in which a country is ruled by a king or queen
7Jelection g a set of basic laws and principles that a country or organization is governed by
8Dcitizen h the group of people who are elected to make a country's laws and discuss important national affairs
9GConstitution i the group of people who govern a country or state
10Epenalty j when people vote to choose someone for an official position

6. Complete the sentence according to the information from the text:

1. Australia is a constitutional monarchy, with the Queen of Great Britain at its head .

2. The Governor General appoints members of the Executive Council, his advisory cabinet .

3. Federal Parliament consists of the Queen .

4. There are ten senators from each state and two from each territory in the Senate.

5. The ministers are chosen from members of Parliament and the Executive Council .

6. Till the 1930s Australia mostly depended upon Great Britain in its political affairs .

7. The Australian Constitution took effect on January 1st 1901 .

8. The Commonwealth parliament can make laws about external affairs, interstate and international trade, defense and immigration.

9. The national legislative power is divided between two chambers, or “Houses”: the House of Representatives and the Senate, both directly elected by the Australian people.

10. State parliaments and governments are responsible for: law and order, consumer affairs, health, education, forestry, public transports and main roads.

 .

 

7. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

1. Australia consists of six states and two territories. Agree.

 2. The main legislative body in the country is Senate. Disagree. The main legislative body in the country is Federal Parliament.

 3. Federal Parliament consists of the Queen, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Agree

 4. The members of the Senate are elected for a six-year term. Agree

 5. There are seven senators from each state and five from each territory in the Senate. Disagree. There are ten senators from each state and two from each territory in the Senate.

 6. The executive power belongs to Federal Parliament. Disagree. The executive power belongs to the queen and the government.

7. There are two major political parties in Australia: the Australian Labour party and a coalition of the Liberal and the Agrarian parties. Agree

8. In 1931 Australia became fully independent from Germany. Disagree. In 1931 Australia became fully independent from Great Britain.

 9. The Australian Constitution took effect on January 1st 1910. Disagree. The Australian Constitution took effect on January 1st 1901.

10. The state parliaments cannot make laws that are inconsistent with Commonwealth laws. Agree

 

8. Ответь письменно на вопросы:

1. Who is the Head of Australia? The head of Australia is the queen.

2. Who is appointed by the Australian government? The queen is represented by the Governor General, who is appointed by the Australian government.

3. When did Australia become fully independent from Great Britain? In 1931 Australia became fully        independent from Great Britain.

4. What is the main legislative body in the country? The main legislative body in the country is Federal Parliament.

5. What are two main political forces in Australia? There are two main political forces in Australia. A coalition of the Liberal and National Parties (which has governed Australia for periods totaling more than 40 years)

The Australian Labor party (which has governed Australia for periods totaling

 

9. Make up your own sentences according to the model:

1. The main legislative body in Australia is Federal Parliament.

2.The members of the Senate in Australia  are elected for a six-year term. (1 предложение), например: The members of the Duma in Russia are elected for a five-year term.

Тема 3: Canada

1.Прочитайте и выучите слова:

Quebec Квебек (провинция Канады)
Toronto Торонто
Montreal Монреаль (город в Канаде, провинция Квебек)
Ottawa Оттава
St. Elias Mountains горы Святого Ильи
Alberta Альберта (провинция Канады)
Saskatchewan Саскачеван (провинция Канады)
Manitoba Манитоба (провинция Канады)
Hudson Bay Гудзонов залив
the Canadian Shield Канадский щит
the Erie озеро Эри
the Ontario озеро Онтарио
the Niagara Peninsula  
New Brunswick Нью-Брансуик
Nova Scotia Новая Шотландия (провинция Канады)
Prince Edward Island Остров Принца Эдуарда (провинция Канады)
Newfoundland пров. Ньюфаундленд
   
monarch монарх
province провинция
ancestry происхождение
maintaining сохранение
symbolize символизировать
harsh суровый
mighty великий, могущественный
indent изрезывать, надрезать, придавать зигзагообразное очертание
shield защищенный
hoodoo порча, сглаз, невезение, неудача
dinosaur fossils окаменелости динозавра
zinc цинк
uranium уран
ablaze сверкающий, блестящий
sap сок
maple syrup кленовый сироп
culinary delicacy лакомство
flourish преуспевать
profusion изобилие

 


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