Name the tasks set by the proponents of the structural descriptive grammatical approach
Билет 12.
The types of polysemy.
Fauconnier: language does not “represent” meaning; it prompts for the construction of meaning in particular contexts with particular cultural models and cognitive resources (“Cognitive linguistics”).
Polysemy – ability to have more than one meaning. Meaning is flexible and adaptable to the needs of communication. The other side of the coin is stability at a given period of time, without which understanding would be impossible.
Contextual (meaning is as changeable as contexts)polysemy – shows the semantic structure of a word in a given context.
Types of polysemy
· Polysemy – full-fledge: over ( concepts are kept in mental lexicon)
· Ambiguity (different aspects of an object stored in mental lexicon)
Bob shut the door (object)
He walked through the door (where it stands)
· Vagueness (not stored in mental lexicon but cleared up in context)
Reader 1) a person 2) a book
· Indeterminacy –words have very general meaning - bleaching out primary meaning
Thing – an assembly, meeting; now - an object, fact
· Layering of meaning – which meaning is more frequent - redistribution of meanings
Disaster – more frequent in the sense “minor inconvenience” than “catastrophe”
· Bleaching of meanings –delexicalization. Words do not mean what they used to in the past.
· Suppression of meaning – first cognitive meaning becomes an important.
Golden- the colour (golden hair)
Golden account – colour does not matter (precious metal) – another feature
Polysemantic words have closely connected meanings and they are united by a common concept.
Enumerate the main events of the outer history of English (OE, ME, NE)
OE: The history of EL begins in the 5th century AD when the Germanic tribes of Angles and Saxons who had lived in Western Europe started their invasion of the British Isles. At that time Britain was inhabited by Celts, who had lived under the Roman Rule and had acquired Roman cultures and the language of the Celts tribes had undergone certain changes from Latin.
Historical facts:
1)55 year BC the troops of Julius Caesar came. The Roman invasion lasted till 407 AD.
2) 449 AD the Germanic troops led by Hengest and Horsa landed Britain. Historians believed that the history of EL had started with the invasion of the Germanic tribes.
3) 597 AD - introduction of Christianity.
ME: The end of the OE period is marked by two outstanding political events – the Scandinavian invasion and the Norman Conquest.
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The first inroads of the Scandinavian Vikings began in the 8th century. The Wessex under the rule of King Alfred the Great was the strongest and successfully withstood the invasions. Under the Treaty of Wedmore the territory of the country was subdivided into 2 (the south-western – to King Alfred and the north-eastern to Scandinavians of Danes).
Later, between 1016 and 1042 the whole of England came under the Scandinavian rule. The Scandinavian invasion and 3 centuries of their settlement on the territory of England brought many changes in word-stock, grammar and phonetics. The influence of Scandinavian dialects was felt in the North and East parts of England. There were no political social and cultural barriers btw Scandinavians and local population. The language differences were no so strong to make their mutual understanding impossible.
The Norman Conquest began in 1066. After the death of King Edward the Norman Kind William invaded England. The Norman Conquest had far-reaching consequences for the English language and people: he united England to Western Europe, opened gates to European culture, institutions, philosophy and science. In the 13th century appeared the first Parliament(council of barons). The Norman conquerors were French by their language, habits and customs and French was the state language of the country for 2 centuries. The English language emerged after the struggle, its vocabulary was enriched by French words and it grammatical structure.
At the end, the rule of King Henry in 1399 – he was the first king after the conquest whose native tongue was English. The end of the 14th century saw the first English translation of bible and Chaucer was writing his English masterpieces.
1) 1485 – the end of the war btw the White and the Red Rose. The establishment of an absolute monarchy with Henry Tudor leads to a predominance of the national language over local dialects.
2) 1476 the introduction of printing by William Caxton.
3) 15th century the formation of English national language.
NE: Geographical expansion of English in the 17th -20th centuries.
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1) In Wales arose a tendency to revive the local Celtic language.
2) penetration of the English language to other parts of globe mainly began in the 16th century with British colonialism:in 1620 the famous ship ‘the Mayflower’ reached North America, this marked the beginning of English in the New World. In the 18th century England conquered India and Canada. During 19th century the colonization of Australia took place and in the 20th century English penetrated into South Africa.
Билет.
Name the tasks set by the proponents of the structural descriptive grammatical approach.
Structural descriptive grammar researches into the formal properties of language units and creates a highly illustrative picture of how composite language units are constructed.
Structural descriptive (distributional) approach set as its task a description of the finite number of language units which were believed to constitute the structure of language. The analysis carried out on numerous recorded samples of native speakers’ oral speech (language corpus) consisted in classifying and labelling various elements at several levels: phonological, morphological and syntactic. The principle of classification was to detect the typical co-occurrence of words / word-forms in certain syntactical positions. However, the structural analysis specifically 1) ignored the lexical meaning of language units and the ideas conveyed by them, 2) showed principal concern for the formal connections existing between the neighbouring language units of different lengths, 3) made no distinction between units of morphemic and syntactical nature.
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