DecipheringMedicalTermsforFractures
| Type | Description |
| Angulated | The broken pieces of bone are not in a straight line. One is at an angle in relation to the other. |
| Avulsion | A piece of bone is pulled off from the main part of the bone. A ligament may pull off a piece of bone if the external force is strong enough, as may occur in a fall. A tendon may pull off a piece of bone if the attached muscle contracts forcefully enough, as may occur in young athletes. Avulsion fractures usually occur in the hand, foot, ankle, knee, or shoulder. |
| Closed | The skin over the fractured bone is not torn. |
| Comminuted | The bone is broken into three or more pieces. Often, the bone is broken into many very small pieces. These fractures are often caused by a great force, as occurs in a car crash. They can also occur in people with osteoporosis, which weakens bone. |
| Compression | The bone collapses into itself. These fractures usually occur in older people (particularly those with osteoporosis). The backbones (vertebrae) are often affected (called vertebral crush fractures). |
| Displaced | The pieces of broken bone are separated. |
| Greenstick | The bone is partly cracked and/or bent but not completely broken through. Greenstick fractures occur only in children. |
| Growthplate | These fractures occur in the growth plate, which is made of cartilage. Growth plates enable bones to lengthen until children reach their full height. When growth is completed, growth plates are replaced by bone. When a growth plate is fractured, the bone may stop growing or grow crookedly. Growth plate fractures occur only in children and adolescents. |
| Impacted | One end of the broken bone is jammed into the other. As a result, the bone appears shortened. |
| Joint (intra-articular) | This type of fracture extends into the cartilage at the ends of bones that form a joint (called joint surfaces). Normally, this cartilage reduces the amount of friction that occurs when bones in a joint rub against each other. When this cartilage is fractured, people cannot move the joint as well, and osteoarthritis is more likely to develop in the joint. |
| Nondisplaced | The pieces of broken bone are still in place (aligned normally), and there is no space between them. |
| Oblique | The bone is broken in a straight line diagonally across the long middle part (shaft) of the bone. |
| Occult | These small fractures are difficult or impossible to see on x-rays, but they may be seen on other imaging tests such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). After a few days or weeks, changes occur in the new bone that forms as the bone heals. Then occult fractures may be seen on x-rays. Some stress fractures are occult. |
| Open | The skin and tissues covering the fractured bone are torn, and the bone may be sticking out of the skin. Dirt, debris, or bacteria can easily contaminate the wound and may cause an infection in the broken bone. |
| Osteoporotic | These fractures result from osteoporosis (progressive loss of bone density), which weakens bones and makes them more likely to break. Osteoporotic fractures (sometimes called fragility fractures) occur in older people, usually in the hips, wrists, spine, shoulders, or pelvis. |
| Pathologic | This type of fracture is caused by a disorder that weakens a bone, such as osteoporosis, certain bone infections, or bone tumors. |
| Segmental | There are two separate breaks in a bone. Segmental fractures are a type of comminuted fracture. |
| Spiral (torsion) | These fractures occur when the bone is twisted apart. As a result, the ends of the bone may be sharp, jagged, and slanted. |
| Stress | A stress fracture occurs when force is repeatedly applied to a bone during certain activities, such as walking with a heavy pack or running (see Stress Fractures of the Foot). Stress fractures are often small cracks in bone (sometimes called hairline fractures). Stress fractures commonly occur in bones that bear weight, such as those of the foot or lower leg. |
| Torus | The bone buckles rather than breaks. These fractures usually occur only in children. Bones in children can buckle rather than break because their bones are more rubbery than those in adults. |
| Transverse | The bone is broken straight across. |
SomeTypesofFractures
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Fractures (Part I)
Fractures (Part II)
Treatment
· Treatmentofseriouscomplications
· Painrelief
· Protection, rest, ice, compression, and elevation
· Realignment (reduction) of parts that are out of place
· Immobilization, usually with a splint or cast
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· Sometimessurgery
Many musculoskeletal injuries require immediate treatment. Without treatment, injuries may get worse, becoming more painful and making loss of function more likely. Also, some injuries cause problems that require emergency care, such as shock or compartment syndrome. Without treatment, these problems can cause serious problems or even death.
If people think that they have a fracture or another severe injury, they should go to an emergency department. If they cannot walk or have several injuries, they should go by ambulance. Until they can get medical help, they should do the following:
· Prevent the injured limb from moving (immobilize it) and support it with a makeshift splint, sling, or a pillow
· Elevate the limb, above the level of the heart if possible, to limit swelling
· Apply ice (wrapped in a towel or cloth) to control pain and swelling
Treatment of children
Fractures in children are often treated differently from those in adults because the bones in children are smaller, more flexible, less brittle, and still growing. Children’s fractures heal much faster and more perfectly than adult fractures do. Several years after most fractures in children, the bone can look almost normal on x-ray. For children, doctors often prefer treatment with casts over surgery because
· Children have less stiffness after wearing a cast than adults do.
· They are more likely to be able to move normally after being in a cast.
· Surgery near a joint can damage the part of the bone that enables children to grow (the growth plate).
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