Какие предложения являются верными?



1) International trade is performed in several forms.

2) Countertrade transactions are easy to arrange.

3) Another form of countertrade is the buyback arrangement.

4) Goods can be sold to a local consumer.

Дополните предложения.

1) The most important form of international trade is direct commercial import-export __________.

2) Barter is a trade in which __________ is exchanged directly for other goods without the use of money.

3) Countertrade ___________ began in the 1950s and are mainly carried out with developing countries and in Eastern Europe.

4) Goods can be sold to a foreign consumer as a result of direct transactions with the ___________.

5. Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык:

международная торговля, оплачивать товары, твердая валюта, иностранный потребитель, сырье.

Вариант 3

Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4 абзацы. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы.

Contracts

1. The Contract is a business agreement between two parties which buy or sell goods or services. Contracts are concluded either between companies in one country or internationally, that is between companies from different countries.

The Contract has the following clauses or articles:

- Naming (definition) of the parties and their legal addresses.

- The subject of the Contract that is what goods or services will be bought or sold and the volume of delivery.

- Prices and the total value (amount) of the Contract including terms of delivery.

2. The price stated in the Contract may be firm, fixed or sliding. Firm prices can not be changed in the course of the Contract performance. Fixed price is the price in the market on the day of delivery or for a given period. Sliding prices can be for machinery and equipment which require a long period of delivery.

- Time (dates of delivery) is shown in the Contract too.

- Terms of delivery. The most usual terms of delivery are FOB, CIF, C & F.

- The Contract also specifies packing, marking and terms of payment.

3. Payment in foreign trade may be made in cash and on credit. The most widely used method is payment by letter of credit (L/C). The following types of L/C are usually used: irrevocable, confirmed, and revolving. An irrevocable L/C can not be modified or cancelled without the consent of the party in whose favour it has been opened. A confirmed L/C is an irrevocable L/C, payment under which is guaranteed by a first class bank. A revolving L/C is one under which its value is constantly made up to a given limit after payment for each shipment.

4. The Contract also includes terms of insurance (if any) and a force majeure clause. It usually includes natural disasters such as an earthquake, flood, fire, etc. which the parties can't control. It is also specified in the Contract in what ways disputes are solved. All the clauses of the Contract have numbers, and in the negotiations or correspondence one can refer to the specific clause or sub-clause.

The international Contract is usually written in two languages, one copy for each party.

Ответьте письменно на вопросы после текста.

1) What is the contract?

2) How may the payment be made in foreign trade?

3) What terms does the contract include?

Какие предложения являются верными?

1) Contracts are concluded either between companies in one country or internationally.

2) Firm prices can be changed in the course of the Contract performance.

3) Payment in foreign trade may be made in cash and on credit.

4) The international Contract is usually written in one language.

Дополните предложения.

1) The Contract is a business _________ between two parties which buy or sell goods or services.

2) The _________ of the Contract is what goods or services will be bought or sold and the volume of delivery.

3) The _________ stated in the Contract may be firm, fixed or sliding.

4) Force majeure clause usually _______ natural disasters such as an earthquake, flood, fire, etc. which the parties can't control.

 

5. Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык:

условия поставки, объем поставки, фиксированная цена, способ оплаты, условия страхования.

Вариант 4

 

Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4 абзацы. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы.

Advertising

1. Advertising is a message to promote a product, a service, or an idea. The purpose of most advertising is to sell products or services. Advertising plays a key role in the competition among businesses for the consumer's money. In many businesses, the volume of sales depends largely on the amount of advertising done.

Manufacturers advertise to persuade people to buy their products. Large firms also use advertising to create a favourable image of their company. The company can advertise in many ways depending on how much it wishes to spend, and the size and type of the target audience. If the company wants to enter the market or launch a new product, it often starts an advertising campaign.

2. When South African Brewery (SAB) started producing beer "Zolotaya bochka" in Russia, it invested lots of money not only in production, but also in advertising the product. The advertising campaign was aggressive, and as a result this brand of beer is among the most popular ones.

3. There are different ways of advertising:

• radio • magazines • outdoor signs • newspapers • television • direct mail • other ways.

Television is the chief medium used by advertisers. In the USA 100 largest advertisers spend on average 75 per cent of their advertising budgets on television. Food companies spend about 80 per cent on television, and candy, snack, and soft drink companies spend about 85 per cent.

4. Advertising on TV is often criticised. People don't like it when programmes are interrupted every fifteen minutes. We know that the Duma passed a bill that would forbid running of commercials during television and radio programmes. In Russia TV advertising generates $300 million a year. Of course, advertising revenues are important, but there are international norms which recommend ad breaks every 45 minutes. These days outdoor advertising is popular in Moscow. It is especially widely used by car manufacturers, clothing and telecommunications companies. Such advertising attracts wide audience and is cost-effective.


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