Klimenko Olga. About diffusion of slang in Standard American English



Civilized society tends to divide into a dominant culture and various subcultures that flourish within the dominant framework. The subcultures show specialised linguistic phenomena, varying widely in form and content, which depend on the nature of the groups and their relation to each other and to the dominant culture. Slang emanates from conflicts in values and stems largely from the verbal transfer of the values of a subculture to diametrically opposed values in the dominant culture. In the USA there are many types of subcultures that supply slang: occupational and professional groups, sexual deviants, narcotic addicts, criminals, ghetto groups, political organizations, the armed forces, sports groups, youth organizations and others. With the diffusion of subculture its slang words and expressions may be adopted into the standard language. Slang invades the dominant culture as it seeps out of various subcultures. Some words fall dead or lie dormant in the dominant culture for long periods. Others vividly express an idea already latent in the dominant culture and these are immediately picked up and used. Slang spreads through different channels. Before the advert of mass media, such terms invaded the dominant culture slowly and were transmitted largely by word of mouth. Nowadays mass media and advertising are among the first to pick up new slang words, propagate and popularize them. When subcultures are tight, little of their language leaks out. When subcultures weaken, contacts with the dominant culture multiply, diffusion occurs, and their languages appears widely as slang. The fact that many slang words and expressions have been carried into the general literary vocabulary and are gradually gaining full acceptance in the standard language, increasing and developing it, indicates the growing tendency towards democratization of modern English.

 

Magnes Natalia(St Petersburg State University, Russia). Transgender language reform in English and Russian

The growing visibility of transgender people has pushed representations of transgenderism in language and discourse to the foreground of modern linguistic analysis(see Sinelnikova 2017; Peters 2017; Zimman 2017, 2014; Hazenberg 2016; Gratton 2016; Edelman 2009; Bing, Bergvall 1998; Murphy 1997), with many studies drawing inspiration from the performative theory of gender (Livia, Hall 1997; West, Zimmermann 1987) and queer linguistics (McConnell-Ginet 1997; Butler 1990). Our paper presents an overview of some strategies on the part of 21st century English- and Russian-speaking transgender communities aimed at creating transgender-friendly language. We will also be considering transgender people’s linguistic choices of vocabulary, grammar, spellings and interactional practices.

PlakhotnayaYulia. Preserving language standard in the process of language integration

In the modern society under the influence of the processes of globalization there occur important changes of the language situation on the macro and micro level. The integration of cultures, languages, ethnos, social groups affect directly the usage of language norm and its realization in the language usage of social groups in different spheres of social and political life of the society. The problem of preserving the language norm stays relevant for the society and the science, as users of a language less follow the norms as well as the learners of this language and a foreign language. The interpenetration of languages as a result of global processes effects the language variation? The problem of which is not studied properly. The aim of our investigation is in defining the changes on the lexical level of the Russian languagethat has been influenced by the integration processes for a long time while contacting with other languages. Under the influence of mixing cultures, the speakers of one language begin using foreign or dialect words, giving them the forms of their own language, while increasing the languages changing. Following not only quantitative but also qualitative approach we have analyzed the usage of words in different spheres of usage of the Russian language: discourse of mass-media, political and home discourse. In the course of the analyses we have found that the linguistic behavior of the speakers is determined not only by their social, national and gender characteristics, but also by their political points of view. Defined in the works of M. Halliday the language variation of two types: “user-related” and “use-related” is reflected in socially determined discourses.

 


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