Kameneva Olga(St Petersburg State University, Russia). OE understandan and OE forstandan: the two verbs referring to knowledge acquisition
OE understandan started to refer to a mental process predominantly in late West Saxon texts. Earlier examples are found in King Alfred's prose. The verb is not presented in Early West Saxon poetry. In Early and Late West Saxon prose the multiple or discreet nature of acquired knowledge is indicated by relevant grammatical structures or specific words. In Late West Saxon texts OE understandan is found in combination with prepositions OE ymb ‘about’ and OE be ‘with respect to’ typical of verbs meaning ‘to understand’. The paper compares OE understandan with one of such verbs, i. e. OE forstandan both denoting the process of understanding something. The findings show that the two verbs have different usage in terms of the depth of understanding.
Kuzina Marina. “A Historical Menu”: the Role of Exoticisms in Modern English Culinary Terminology
In the second edition of “The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language” David Crystal provides “A Historical Menu” based on the original idea of G. Hughes (1988), which – he believes – is “an interesting reflection of the history of cultural contact between English-speaking countries and the rest of the world” [Crystal 2003:138]. A tendency towards borrowing culinary terms increasingly from African, Indian or Arabic languages has been vivid since 1600. The undertaken study aims at highlighting the dynamics of the influx of most frequent “culinary exoticisms”. The major sources of the research materials comprise 12 cross-cultural novels (by Chinua Achebe (1958, 1960, 1964), AdichieNgoziChimamanda (2003, 2007, 2013), VidiadharSurajprasad Naipaul (1959, 1967, 1971) and Salman Rushdie (2001, 2005, 2015) and the articles carried by the major English-language newspapers over the last 50 years (“The Guardian”, “The Independent”, “The Times”, “USA Today”, “The New York Times”, “Washington Post”).
SokolnikovaEvdokia(St Petersburg State University, Russia). War in the language and life of Englelond
This article deals with the problem of the correlation of language and culture, namely the identification of a cultural component in the vocabulary of the Old English language. For the research the thematic group "war" was chosen. The choice of this layer of vocabulary was determined by the great significance of this phenomenon for people of that time and consequently by the large number of lexical units containing different cultural meanings. In this article, the specificity of the cultural and linguistic pictures of the world and the role of historical events affecting the vocabulary of the Old English language are examined. The lexical items selected by the method of continuous sampling from the lexicographic publications of such authors as W. Skeet, J. Bosworth, T. Toller served as the material for the study. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that the Old English period in the context of military vocabulary is characterized by the presence of opposition "friend (us) /enemy (they)", which is reflected in the existence of different words to describe the same phenomenon.
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LEXICOLOGY
AvdeevaLiubov(St Petersburg State University, Russia). Modifications of the defining context
The topic of the presentation is within the theory of the context as a combination of many factors leading to the realization of the meaning of the words that build up a text. The model of the defining context structures is the target of research and is present in the examples chosen for analysis. The standard model comprises a predicative unit containing the word that needs defining, its definition, and a linking element in between, mostly the verb “to be”. The modifications of the model result from it being used in fiction, different from texts dealing with terminology, where the classical, non-modified model reigns. The examples to present for discussion at the conference come from the novels by J.K. Rowling about Harry Potter. The modifications cover both the structural characteristics and the content of the defining context. The structural changes may be of the kind that the three essential elements are placed in different sentences, not within one, mostly presenting the norm for the classical model in the sphere of terminology. Consequently, there are more connectors and linking elements to unite all the segments of the text unit forming the total meaning. Besides, the defining context is an integral part of the novel narration and it functions alongside other types of context. The content modifications are brought about by the joint influence of inseparable parts of the system aiming at making the text as a whole clear and expressive. The words that are explained within the limits of the defining context are mostly coined by J.K.Rowling, they are not part of the English language vocabulary. So they need comments, and the defining context appears to be presupposed by the creative ideas of the author. In the novel the newly-coined words are specially introduced as unknown to the characters and need definitions. The modification of no less importance is that the result of the definition presents not only the notion of the defined word but also the connotational meanings, which is not the case with terminology where the traditional defining context mostly functions.
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Antsar Ahmed Abbas(St Petersburg State University, Russia/University of Diyala, Baquba, Iraq). Mourning across culture traditions and its description in Shakespeare's “Hamlet”
The concept “mourning” is described and viewed across cultures and time as aconcept that expressing the carrying our emotion of sadness and sorrow toward the people whom we lose. The study is based on the play “The tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark” by William Shakespeare, and how he described Hamlet's mourning in the play.
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