Infringements of tissue growth, tumor
Specify, what properties of tumoral tissue are inherent only benign tumors:
1. Uncontrolled growth
2. High speed growth
3. Metastasizing
4. Expansive growth, compression of environmental tissues
5. Infiltration growth
Specify features of growth of benign tumor:
1. Sluggish growth, weakly expressed cellular and tissue atipism
2. Metastasizing
3. Relapse
4. Infiltration
5. Hyperbiotic growth
Choose the characteristic of growth that is not appropriate for tumoral growth:
1. Expansive
2. Infiltrative
3. Polarity of growth
4. Metastasizing
5. Relapses
Specify properties of malignant tumors:
1. Compression of environmental tissues
2. Polarity of growth
3. Expansive growth
4. High speed growth, metastasizing
5. Sluggish growth
Point general properties of tumors:
1. Uncontrolled growth, autonomy
2. Polarity of growth
3. Complex
4. Orientation of growth
5. Autonomy
Specify mechanisms causing uncontrolled growth of tumor:
1. Infringement of dynamic equilibrium between quantity of dying and regenerating cells, the quantity of dividing cells exceeds 5.0 %
2. Appreciable decrease of the contents of number of chalones
3. Drop of number of mitosises
4. Decrease of the contents in cells of c-GMP
5. Dehydration of cells
Specify mechanisms causing uncontrolled growth of tumor:
1. Augmentation of the contents of chalones
2. Decrease of the contents in cells of c-GMP
3 Decreases of number of mitosises
4 Losses of regulating role of histones, augmentation of synthesis of protein, decrease of the contents in cells of c-AMP
5. Over-hydration of cells
Specify mechanisms of autonomy of tumoral growth:
1. Relative independence of action of nervous system, change of physical-chemical composition in tumoral tissue, rising of its acidity
2. Intensifying role of endocrine system
3. Augmentation of activity of epinephrine and sensitization of tumoral cells to it
4. Hypoproduction of somatotropic Hormonum
5. Hyperproduction of somatotropic Hormonum
Point mechanisms of loss of polarity of tumoral growth:
1. Destruction of basal membrane, loss of orientation in growth of tumor
2. Drop of a hydrophylic nature of tissue
3. Intensifying of contact inhibition
4. Intensifying of adhesive properties of tissue
5. Loss of complexity
Point mechanisms of loss of polarity in tumoral growth:
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1. Intensifying of contact inhibition
2. Intensifying of adhesive properties of tissue
3. Appearance of young, dividing cells among aged, dying; destruction of basal membrane in epithelial tissues
4. Drop of hydrophylic nature of a tissue
5. Rising of hydrophylic nature of a tissue
Point the mechanisms biochemical atipism of tumors:
1. Rising activity of oxidative enzymes
2. Deenergizing of anabolic enzymes of protein metabolism
3. Rising activity and predominance of enzymes of glycolysis, rising permeability of the tumor cells for glucose
4. Drop in the tumor cells of anabolism of proteins and nucleic acids
5. Separation of oxidative phosphorylation
Point the parts of pathogenesis of cancer cachexia:
1. Disbolism in organ - carrier of tumor
2. Economical expenditure of energy, drop of its of losses with intermediate products
3. Tumor - trap of glucose and nitrogen, intoxication by products of metabolism of tumor
4. Squeezing by tumor of vessels with infringement of circulation in them
5. Positive nitrous balance of an organism
Point the mechanisms causing physical -chemical atipism of tumors:
1. Low hydrophylic nature of cells
2. Low permeability of membranes of cells
3. Drop of interfacial tension of cells, augmentation of their charge and electric conductivities, decrease of the contents of divalent ions (Са2. +, Мg2. +) in the tumor cells
4. Decrease in the tumor cells of the contents of monovalent ions (Na +, To +)
5. Decrease of a charge of cells of their electric conductivity
Point attributes conditioning physical-chemical atipism of tumors:
1. Excess of K-ions owing to rising permeability of cellular membranes, high hydrophylic nature of cells
2. Augmentation of surface tension of cells
3. The disadvantage of K-ions does not influence permeability of cellular membranes
4. Drop of the contents in the tumor cells of monovalent ions (K +, Na +)
5. Augmentation of surface tension of cells
Point attributes characterizing morphological atipism of tumors:
1. Augmentation of number of mitochondrions, their swelling
2. Phenomenon of hypochromatosis
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3. Drop of level of differentiation, diversification of size and form of cells
4. Conservation of tissue specific attributes
5. The contents of parenchyma and stroma in tumoral tissue is identical
Point mechanisms of infiltrative growth of malignant tumors:
1. High motility of cells, development of cancer -aggressive materials and proteolytic enzymes
2. Intensifyingof cellular adhesiveness
3. Augmentation in the tumor cells of Ca –ions
4. Intensifying of contact inhibition
5. Infringement of mutual relation of cellular elements
Point mechanisms of infiltrative growth of malignant tumors:
1. Intensifying polarity of growth
2. Destruction of environmental tissues, ability of cells to put forward pseudopodiums, migrate
3. Drop of motility of cells
4. Intensifying of cellular adhesiveness
5. Rising of contact inhibition
Point the etiological factors of recurrent tumor after its operative removing:
1. Cancellation of causative factor action
2. Spread of cancer cells to healthy tissues during operation, conservation of disbolism with formation of endogenous carcinogens
3. Predominance of stroma over parenchyma in constitution of tumor
4. Normalization of activity in CNS and endocrine system
5. Rising of immune responsiveness of an organism
Point the etiological factors of recurrent tumor after its operative removing:
1. Incomplete removing of primary tumor, absence of normalization of activity in CNS and endocrine system
2. Action of DNA and RNA of healthy tissue on the tumor cells
3. Feature of constitution of tumor - predominance of stroma over parenchyma
4. Absence of action of causative factor
5. Dropping of metabolism
Specify features of carbohydrate metabolism in tumors:
1. Anaerobic glycolysis, negative effect Paster’s
2. Drop of coefficient of Bikkek-Medvedeva (interrelation of Carbon to nitrogen in urine)
3. In blood hypolactacidemia is present
4. Aerobic glycolysis
5. Infringement of tricarbonic acid cycle
Point the factors determining metastasizing of tumors in 1 stage - invasion:
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1. Stay of metastasises in latent state and acceleration of their growth after operation
2. Development of auto-antibodies against the corresponding organs
3. Sluggish bond of cells of tumors, their high hydrophylic nature and motility, tropism of cells of sarcoma to О2, growth into vascular lumen
4. Drop of activity of RES cells
5. Drop of the contents of ions Na +, K +
Specify the factors determining 1. stages of metastasizing of tumor - invasion:
1. Rising of superficial charge of tumoral cells production by the tumor cells of material stimulating development of the vessel - factor of angiogenesis of tumors - FAT
2. Rising activity of coagulating system
3. Immunodepression, change of the contents of immunoglobulins
4. Development of auto-antibodies against the corresponding organs
5. Rising viscosity of blood
Point the factors determining 1 stage of metastasizing tumor - invasion:
1. Rising activity of coagulating system
2. High hydrophylic nature of cells of tumor, active motility, Drop of adhesiveness of plasma membranes
3. Immunodepression, formation of the factor blocking lymphocytes
4. Dropping permeability of plasma membranes for lysosomal enzymes
5. High activity of macrophages
Point the factors determining 2 stages of metastasizing tumor - transport of cells in blood or lymph:
1. High hydrophylic nature of cells of tumor, their active motility
2. Drop of adhesiveness of plasma membranes
3. Development of auto-antibodies against the corresponding organs
4. Direction of blood flow or lymph, Drop of cancer-lytic properties of biological fluids
5. Rising adhesiveness of membranes of cells
Point the factors determining 2 stages of metastasizing of tumor - transport of cells by blood or lymph:
1. Immunodepression, blockage of lymphocytes, formation on surface of the tumor cells of a grid of fibrin
2. Anatomical and physical-chemical features of epithelial and connective tissues
3. Dropping activity of coagulating system
4. Development of auto-antibodies against the corresponding organs
5. Decrease of rate of blood flow
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Point among hyperbiotic processes the examples of vicar hypertrophy:
1. Enlargement of adrenals after removing of other adrenal, enlargement of the left kidney after removing of one kidney
2. Enlargement of thoracal and other muscles in sportsmen
3. Enlargement of the rest of lien after removing of its part
4. Enlargement of pituitary body after removing of thyroid gland
5. Augmentation of quantity of erythrocytes at valve diseases of heart
Specify features of protein metabolism of materials in a tumoral tissue:
1. Augmentation of anabolic processes
2. Decrease of catabolic processes
3. Decrease of anabolic processes
4. Intensifying catabolic processes
5. Dropping activity of glutamatdehydrogenase enzyme
Specify infringements of carbohydrate metabolism in the organism - carrier of tumor in a stage of cachexia:
1. Hyperglycemia
2. Drop of gluconeogenesis, hypoglycemia
3. Stimulation of gluconeogenesis
4. Blockage of hexokinase
5. Rising activity of diastase
Specify characteristic of disbolism in tumoral tissue:
1. Drop of utilization of glucose
2. Rising utilization of amino acids, augmentation of utilization of glucose
3. Intensifying effect Paster’s
4. Alkalosis in region of active growth of tumor
5. Positive effect Paster’s
Specify the possible mechanism of transformation of normal cell into tumoral:
1. Division of chromosome
2. Translocation of a field of chromosome
3. Introduction in genome of DNA of oncoviruses, mutation of nuclear DNA in mitosis
4. Doubling of nuclear DNA in mitosis
5. Inversion of a field of chromosome
Point the possible mechanism of infiltrative growth of a tumor:
1. Drop of activity of contact inhibition, ability of the tumor cells to ameboid locomotion
2. Augmentation of adhesiveness of healthy cells
3. Drop of activity of chalones in a tumor
4. Intensifying of local tissue immunity
5. Rising activity of antichalones
Point one of the basic mechanisms of anti-cancer resistance:
1. Regulation of sympatic-adrenal system
2. Antimutation
3. Activation of lipogenesis
4. Activation protein-synthesis
5. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis
Specify what factors are directed on growth’s inhibition and destruction of the tumor cells:
1. Phagocytosis, chalones
2. Allogenic inhibition
3. Fibrinous film on surface of cells
4. Weakening contact inhibition
5. Antichalones
Point the possible mechanism of Drop of antiblastomic resistance of an organism:
1. Infringement of hemogenesis
2. Inherent immune-deficiency state, AIDS
3. Hepatolienal syndrome
4. Pregnancy
5. Decrease of synthesis of sexual Hormons
Specify what kind of growth of tumor is characterized by growth " from itself ", removing environmental tissues:
1. opposition growth
2. Expansive growth
3. infiltrative growth
4. invasive growth
5. Correlation growth
Point a route of metastasizing of epithelial tumors (cancer):
1. Hematogenous
2. Lymphogenous, implantant
3. Mixed
4. Through serous membrane
5. Liquor
Specify what type of metastasizing of tumors is characterized by diffusion of the tumor cells via serous membrane, Adjacent to tumor:
1. Hematogenous
2. Lymphogenous
3. Implantant
4. Mixed
5. Liquor
Point among the below-mentioned infringements of tissue growth the processes relateing to hypobiotic:
1. Tumor
2. Atrophy, hypoplasia
3. Hypertrophy
4. Neogenesis
5. Hyperplasia
Specify features of growth of benign tumour:
1. Slow growth
2. uncontrolled growth
3. metastasizing
4. Recurrence
5. Infiltratic growth
Point the features of benign tumor:
1. uncontrolled growth
2. weakly expressed cytological and hystological atypism
3. metastasizing
4. recurrence
5. infiltration growth
Point the features only for cancer:
1. quick growth, metastasizing
2. slowly growth
3. compression of surrounding tissue
4. polar growth
5. expansive growth
Point the mechanisms of cancer cachexia:
1. disorder of metabolism in afflicted organ
2. economic use of energy
3. disorder of kidney function
4. intoxication by products of metabolism and cancer destruction
5. compression of vessels with damaged blood supply
Point among the listed carcinogen exogenous one:
1. Sexual Hormones
2. Cholesterin
3. Tyrosinase
4. Benspiren
5. Heparin
Point which from the below listed kinds of atypism of tumoral growth is characterized by series of features of metabolism, (for example predominance of glycolytic processes above oxidativ5. distinguishing them from normal tissue:
1. Morphological atypism
2. Biochemical atypism
3. Histochemical atypism
4. Antigenic atypism
5. Cellular atypism
Point mechanisms ensuring boundless growth of a tumor:
1. Deblockage of genes owing to infringement of immune control over mutated cells
2. Intensifying of the regulating role of histones
3. Blockage of cyclic AMP contents in cells
4. Augmentation of keylon contents
5. Augmentation of cyclic AMP contents in cells
Point the attributes describing biochemical atypism of tumors:
1. Absence of lobes in the glandular tumors
2. Atypism of mitosis
3. Atypism of etabolism
4. Phenomenon of hyperchromatism
5. Increase of number of mitochondrions and infringement of oxidation
Specify the possible mechanism of transformation of a normal cells into tumoral:
1. Division of chromosome
2. Translocation of a field of chromosome
3. Introduction into DNA genome of oncovirus
4. Duplication of nuclear DNA at mitosis
5. Mutation of chromosome
Specify what method of tumoral metastasizing is characterized by spread of the tumoral cells along serous layers adjacent to the node of tumor :
1. Hematogenous
2. lymphogenous
3. Implantational
4. mixed
5. liquoral
Point what out of the listed kinds of atypism of tumoral growth is characterized by the rank of histochemical infringements due to disorders of oxidation-reduction processes in tissue (accumulation of nucleoproteids, Glycogen, lipids et3.):
1. Morphological atypism
2. Biochemical аtypism
3. Tissue аtypism
4. Antigenic аtypism
5. Cellular аtypism
Allocate properties of tumoral growth, characteristic as benign, and to malignant tumours:
1. Fast growth
2. Infiltratic growth
3. Recidivation
4. Cellular and tissue atypism
5. metastasizing
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