General pathology of cell. Pain, stress, extreme states
The damage of cells arises at action of the specified factors:
1. Verbal stimulus
2. mechanical, physical, chemical
3. Shortage of carbohydrates
4. Excesses of carbohydrates
5. Augmentation in blood of leukocytes
The damage of cells can arise under influence of the following factors:
1. Rising of osmotic pressure of intercellular lymph and decreases of water content in cells
2. Decrease of the contents of proteins
3. Decrease of the contents of lipids
4. Shortage of inert gases
5. Interferon action
The causes of damage of cells are the following factors:
1. Influence of ionizing radiation, high temperature
2. Influence of physiologically active materials
3. Shortage of free radicals
4. Shortage of carbohydrates
5. Intravenous introductions of isotonic solution
The damage of cells arises at action of the following factors:
1. Aging of cells, action of mediators of inflammation, introduction of viruses
2. Action of T- lymphocytes-helpers
3. Influence of T lymphocytes-suppressors
4. Influence of Acetylcholinum, epinephrine
5. Infringement of trophic function of nervous system
To the biological factors producing damage of cells relate:
1. Immunoglobulins of class A
2. Interferon
3. Sedimentation of cell-bound immune complexes with participation of complement
4. Concentrated acids
5. Action of T- lymphocytes-helpers
Point specific expressions of cells damage:
1. Reversible denaturation of protein
2. Blockage of cytochrome oxydase by vesselassium cyanide, destruction of cetylcholinum by cholinesterase
3. Infringement of permeability of cellular membranes
4. Infringement of function of membranous pumps
5. Going out vesselassium ions from cells
The specific damages of the genetical apparatus of cells produce the following factors:
1. Accumulation in cells of sodium ions
2. Ionizing radiation, accumulation in cells of purin bases, action of some antibiotics
3. Activation of cytochrome oxydases
4. Risings of osmotic pressure in cell
5. Droppings of osmotic pressure in cell
To nonspecific exhibitions of damage of cells relate:
1. Coagulation of proteins under action of high temperature
2. Coagulation of protein-lipid structures under action of low temperature
3. Development of paranecrosis, intensifying of sorption properties in tissues
4. Infringement of function of genetic apparatus
5. Infringements of integrity of membrane under action of the mechanical factor
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Nonspecific exhibitions of damage of cells are characterized by all factors, EXCEPT FOR:
1. Loss of vesselassium ions
2. Accumulation of sodium ions
3. Decrease in cell of the contents calcium ions
4. Accumulation of water
5.Decrease of electric vesselential
Nonspecific damage of cells is accompanied by all factors, EXCEPT FOR:
1. Augmentation of calcium ions in cell
2. Loss of intercellular contact
3. Infringement of activity of enzymatic systems
4. Inactivation of the genetic apparatus
5. Infringement of ionic composition in cell
To nonspecific mechanisms of protection of damaged cells relate:
1. Turning of carbohydrates oxidation in glycolysis, development of interferon, hypertrophy of cellular organellas
2. Development of acidosis
3. Hypoplasia of organellas
4. Downdrop of oxidative phosphorilation
5. Rising of sorption ability of tissues
Indicators of damage of cell are:
1. Augmentation of cell рН
2. Augmentation of endocellular concentration of sodium ions
3. Decrease of cell рН (acidosis), downdrop of membrane vesselential
4. Augmentation of endocellular concentration of calcium ions
5. Augmentation of endocellular concentration of vesselassium ions
At damage of non- dividing cells all phenomena can be observed, EXCEPT FOR:
1. Decrease of density of chromatin
2. Karyopyknosis
3. Karyolysis
4. Karyorrhexis
5. Augmentation of density of nuclei
Alcohol and narcotics produce all phenomena, EXCEPT FOR:
1. Direct damage of the genetic apparatus in cells
2. Elevate sensitivity of dividing cells to solar radiation
3. Elevate sensitivity of DNA to action of medications
4. Development of B-avitaminosis
5. Damage of immune system
Physiological pain:
1. Usually it is long lasting
2. Occurs in uninjured nervous system, invokes reflex release of Epinephrine and Vasopressin
3. Depresses coagulability of blood
4. Occurs at irritation of conductors of pain sensitivity
5. Arises at damage of brain
The typical pathological pains occur:
1. At irritation of nervous stems, conductors of pain sensitivity, lateral nucleuses of visual tubers
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2. At immediate irritation of brain cortex
3. At irritation of any receptors
4. At irritation of receptors of volume
5. At irritation of baroreceptors
The pathological pains of the central origin are characterized:
1. Appearance of paresthesia
2. Appearance of muscle pain
3. Fast disappearance
4. Formation in brain cortex of generators of pathologically amplified excitation, appearance of causalgy, stump pain
5. Occurs in uninjured nervous system
The pathological pains of internal organs are caused:
1. Spastic stricture of smooth muscles of stomach or intestine and other organs and development of ischemia
2. Fall of tone of smooth muscles in cholic ducts or ureter
3. Arterial hyperemia in separate organs or tissues
4. Arterial hyperemia
5. Irritation of extero-receptors
Stressful reactions is:
1. Specific reactions of general character
2. Set of stereotyped response-back reactions of organism in reply to irritation action of various nature
3. Oppression of protective mechanisms
4. Weakening of protective mechanisms
5. Sets of specific response-back reactions on trauma
The stressful reactions begin with:
1. Activation of sympathetic nervous system, cortex of brain, hyvesselhalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal system
2. Activation of parasympathetic nervous system
3. Production of somatotropic Hormon
4. Oppression of sympathetic nervous system
5. Oppression of circulation and respiration
The shock differs from coma:
1. Development of torpid syndrome, phase changes of vital functio
2. Loss of consciousness
3. Appearance of delirium
4. Appearance of hallucinations
5. Absence of tendon reflexes
The coma differs from shock:
1. Activation of development of stress Hormons
2. State of deep inhibition in highest nervous activity, infringement of functions of all analyzers
3. Appearance of torpid syndrome
4. Functions of internal organ
5. Activation of changes of vital functions
In I stage of shock prevails:
1. Nervous component
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2. Cardiovascular component
3. Respiratory failure
4. Infringement of metabolism
5. Endocrine disorders
For erectile stage of traumatic shock is characteristic:
1. Development of bradycardia
2. Excitation of CNS, augmentation of general peripheral vascular pressure
3. Infringement of blood flow in many organs with blood shunting, development of hypoxia
4. Rare shallow breathing
5. Periodic breathings
At damage of cells first of all break structure and functions of:
1. Lysosome
2. Reticulume
3. Mitochondrion
4. Ribosome
5. Complex Golgi
Stressful reactions begin with activation:
1. Sympathetic nervous system
2. Parasympathetic nervous system
3. Spinal cord
4. Kidney system
5. Production of somatotropic hormone
In pathogenesis of traumatic shock there is stage:
1. Nervous
2. Kidney disordersg
3. Respiratory
4. Liver disorders
5. Endocrine disorders
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