Criteria, indicators and methods for the assessment of genetically modified organisms and products obtained from them on biosafety



An important step in assessing the biosafety of genetically engineered organisms and the food and other products derived from them is a sanitary and hygienic examination. The following should be checked: the chemical composition of the initial and transgenic plants; Did the biological value and assimilation of GMO-derived products worsen? whether GMOs and products derived from them can cause allergies or affect the human immune system; whether they are toxic, carcinogenic or mutagenic; Do foreign genes affect the reproductive functions of animals and humans? whether the introduced gene can be transferred to other organisms and whether it will be transmitted to the descendants of plants; Does the new gene affect the damage of plants to diseases and pest damage? do not the transgenic plants influence the soil microflora and other components of the biocenosis, etc.

Obligatory and extremely important is also the biomedical evaluation of food products obtained from GMOs. For example, in Russia methodical instructions "Medical and biological assessment of food products from genetically modified sources" have been developed. Methodical instructions establish the procedure for hygienic examination and state registration of food products obtained from genetically modified sources. The methods of medical hygienic, medical and biological evaluation and clinical trials of new types of food products, obtained from genetically modified sources, have been approved. Methodical guidelines are an official publication and their implementation must be strictly controlled by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, as well as by the relevant legal and legal authorities.

 

Activities carried out in the Republic Kazakhstan in the framework Kartohen Protocol.

Kazakhstan is a signatory of the Cartagena Protocol. The study of the problem of regulation of the turnover of GMOs on the basis of Cartagena Protocol of Biosafety legislation allowed Kazakhstan to develop projects "Concepts of state regulation of GMO turnover and control in the Republic of Kazakhstan", as well as a number of normative documents, and create prerequisites for the formation of their regulatory system in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The analysis showed that practically no country has legislation that can prevent unpredictable consequences when creating, using and distributing GMOs. Today, there are two different principles in the world when solving the problems of GMO regulation: the "precautionary principle" that the EU adheres to and the principle of "substantial equivalence" held by the US, Australia, Canada and other countries (EM Ramankulov, 2011).

The monitoring showed that food products containing GM ingredients are uncontrolled to the markets of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is advisable to adhere to the precautionary principle in its policy, which is based on extreme caution in the use of GMOs and requires the introduction of the labeling "The product contains GMOs", which is very important for ensuring food safety.

An important provision of the Cartagena Protocol is the right to assess the risks of products of genetic engineering activities for making decisions about their imports. As part of the fulfillment of the obligations undertaken, the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan appointed the Ministry of Agriculture - the national coordinating center, the Ministry of Education and Science - as the competent authority. At the same time, the first ministry is the contact body between Kazakhstan and the Secretariat of the Protocol, and the second is responsible for performing administrative functions. The National Center for Biotechnology of the Republic of Kazakhstan was designated as the center for implementation of the Biosafety Clearing-House (BCH). The latter acts as the central information market, where there is an operative exchange of information on biosafety between all parties to the Protocol.

At present, the draft law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On state regulation of genetic engineering activities" has been developed, which is currently under consideration by Parliament. The objectives of this bill are to protect the health of the population; environmental protection in the use of GMOs, conservation of biological diversity; ensuring the country's security in the implementation of genetic engineering activities; development of genetic engineering activities, etc.

 


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