Unit 8. HOW ARE DAMAGES MEASURED?



Text: HOW ARE DAMAGES MEASURED?

                                        Key vocabulary

award - решение суда; арбитражное решение; выносить решение

breach- разрыв (отношений)

approximate - приблизительный, примерный

compensatory - компенсационный

extent- объём; пределы; степень; мера; размер

mitigate - смягчать, уменьшать

token - знак, символ

grant- отчуждение, передача права собственности

liquidated - определённый (о сумме)

circumstances - обстоятельства, условия, положение дел

arrangement - соглашение; договорённость

permit- позволять, разрешать, давать разрешение

contract - контракт, договор, соглашение

measure– измерять

perform- исполнять; совершать

defraud- обманывать, обманом лишать чего-л. ; мошенничать defraud

tort- деликт, гражданское правонарушение

exemplary - поучительный, штрафной

punitive - связанный с применением наказания, карательный; штрафной

 

In awarding damages for breach of contract, the court tries to place the injured party in approximately the position that party would have been in, had the breach not occurred. The amount awarded as compensatory damages is usually determined by the extent of the injury. One party is not permitted to increase the dam­ages by continuing to perform the contract after notice of the other's breach or intention to cancel. The injured party is also required to mitigate damages if reasonably possible.

Failure to perform a duty under a contract is a legal wrong. Therefore courts will award nominal damages -token amount awarded when rights have been violated, but there is no actual injury. This could happen when, after a breach, the plaintiff finds a satisfactory product at a lower price. Nominal damages are granted in recognition of the rights that have been violated.

At the time of entering into a contract, the parties may agree upon an amount of money that, in case of default, is to be paid by the person who breaches. This sum is known as liquidated damages. This arrangement is common when actual damages would be difficult to prove. It is enforceable if the amount is reasonable. If damages are not reasonable, the court will not enforce the agreement but will award reasonable damages if proved.

Under certain circumstances, such as when a tort is involved in a breach of contract, the courts will award exemplary or punitive damages. Such damages are awarded in addition to the actual damages. The purpose of exemplary or punitive damages is to punish and to make an example of the defendant. This could happen, for example, when a defendant seller defrauds a plaintiff buyer.

 

Задание № 1. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим словам и словосочетаниям:

1…разрыв контракта… 2…обычно устанавливается… 3 Это может произойти… 4…наказать… 5 Такие убытки… 6 В определенных условиях… 7 Номинальные убытки… 8 Одна сторона…

Задание № 2. Перескажите текст, используя слова и словосочетания, приведенные в Key vocabulary

 

 

Unit 9. WHAT IS THE PROCEDURE IN A CIVIL ACTION?

Text: WHAT IS THE PROCEDURE IN A CIVIL ACTION?

                                            Key vocabulary

wrongful - противоправный

conduct - поведение

obtain- получать, приобретать

relief- удовлетворение требования, правопритязания

wrongdoer - причинитель вреда, ущерба; правонарушитель

 involve - вовлекать; включать в себя; влечь за собой

consist – заключаться в чём-л.

defendant - ответчик

complaint– жалоба

claim – требование; право требования; претензия; заявление права

allege – обвинять

summons – извещение ответчика о предъявленном ему иске; судебная повестка

file- подача (документа), подавать (документ)

constitute – составлять

proceed– осуществлять процессуальные действия

admit– признавать (факт)

liability – ответственность, обязанность

allow– удовлетворять; признавать

A person injured by the wrongful conduct of another may be able to obtain relief from the court and bring a civil actionagainst the wrongdoer.

A civil action involves two parties. Each of these parties may consist of one or more persons. The party who brings a civil action in order to enforce a private right is the plaintiff.The party against whom the civil action is brought is the defendant.

In state courts, the plaintiff begins a civil action by filing of complaintwith the clerk of the court. This step is usually done by the attorney for the plaintiff. The complaint states the plaintiff's claims, which allegedly justify the relief demanded.

Next, the defendant must be properly served with a copy of the complaint and with a summons.The summons is a court order, obtained by the plaintiff, which directs the defendant to answer the complaint. The defendant normally files an answer (statement in reply). In the answer, the defendant may do any one of the following:

1. Declare that even if the facts alleged in the complaint are true, they do not constitute a wrong for which the defendant has any duty to pay or otherwise act. This is an issue of law which is decided by the judge in a hearing.

2. Deny the truth of the facts alleged in the complaint. This raises an issue of fact. The dispute can then proceed to trial.

3. Admit the facts alleged but introduce other facts that excuse the defendant from liability. The dispute can then proceed to trial.

If the defendant does not answer the complaint within the time allowed (generally not more than 20 days), the plaintiff may win the case by default judgment.

Задание № 1. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим словам и словосочетаниям:1…в пределах допустимого времени… 2. Признать факты… 3. Отрицать правду… 4. В ответе… 5…даже если факты… 6. Этот шаг обычно… 7…служащий суда… 8…включает две стороны…

Задание № 2. Перескажите текст, используя слова и словосочетания, приведенные в Key vocabulary

 


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