У прототипі клінічної настанови



NICE Clinical Guideline No 101. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary and secondary care. Jun 2010. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13029/49425/49425.pdf:

1. Healthcare Commission. Clearing the air: A national study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Healthcare Commission, 2006.

2. Cox BD. Blood pressure and respiratory function. In: The health and lifestyle survey. Preliminary report of a nationwide survey of the physical and mental health, attitudes and lifestyle of a random sample of 9003 British adults. London: 1987: 17-33.

3. Renwick DS, Connolly MJ. Prevalence and treatment of chronic airways obstruction in adults over the age of 45. Thorax. 51(2); 164-168. 1996.

4. Seamark DA, Williams S, Timon S et al. Home or surgery based screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Primary Care Respiratory Journal. 2001; 10(2):30-33.

5. Pride NB, Soriano JB. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the United Kingdom: trends in mortality, morbidity and smoking. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 2002; 8(2):95-101.

6. Office for National Statistics. Health Statistics Quarterly. (8). London: HMSO, 2000.

7. NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care. Quality Outcomes Framework: Prevalence Data Tables 2008/9. Available from: http://www.ic.nhs.uk/statistics-and-data-collections/supporting-information/audits-and-performance/the-quality-and-outcomes-framework/qof-2008/09/data-tables/prevalence-data-tables. Last accessed on: 2010 May 5.

8. Shahab L, Jarvis MJ, Britton J et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Prevalence, diagnosis and relation to tobacco dependence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a nationally representative population sample. Thorax. 2006; 61(12):1043-1047.

9. Department of Health. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Indicator set: Dataset and Business Rules: new GMS Contract QOF Implemenation. (version14.0). London: Department of Health, 1-5-2009.

10. Department of Health. On the state of the public health: Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer 2004. 2005.

11. Mannino DM, Gagnon RC, Petty TL et al. Obstructive lung disease and low lung function in adults in the United States: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160(11):1683-1689.

12. British Thoracic Society. The Burden of Lung Disease. (2nd edition). British Thoracic Society, 2006.

13. Burney, P. and Jarvis, D. The burden of COPD in the UK. NHS National Library for Health: Respiratory Specialist Library, 2006.

14. Nacul LC, Soljak M, Meade T. Model for estimating the population prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: cross sectional data from the Health Survey for England. Population Health Metrics. 2007; 5:8.

15. Soriano JB, Maier WC, Egger P et al. Recent trends in physician diagnosed COPD in women and men in the UK. Thorax. 2000; 55(9):789-794.

16. Royal College of Physicians, British Thoracic Society, and British Lung Foundation. Report of the National Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Audit 2008: Clinical audit of COPD exacerbations admitted to acute NHS trusts across the UK. London: Royal College of Physicians, 2008.

17. British Lung Foundation. Breathing fear - the COPD effect. 2003.

18. Royal College of Physicians and British Thoracic Society. Report of the 2003 National COPD Audit. 2004.

19. Hansell A, Hollowell J, McNiece R et al. Validity and interpretation of mortality, health service and survey data on COPD and asthma in England. Eur Respir J. 2003; 21(2):279-286.

20. Eachus J, Williams M, Chan P et al. Deprivation and cause specific morbidity: evidence from the Somerset and Avon survey of health. Br Med J. 1996; 312(7026):287-292.

21. British Lung Foundation. Invisible lives: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) finding the missing millions. 2007.

22. Hansell AL, Walk JA, Soriano JB. What do chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients die from? A multiple cause coding analysis. Eur Respir J. 2003; 22(5):809-814.

23. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2008.

24. Sin DD, Anthonisen NR, Soriano JB et al. Mortality in COPD: Role of comorbidities. Eur Respir J. 2006; 28(6):1245-1257.

25. 25 Damiani, M. and Dixon, J. Managing the pressure. Emergency hospital admissions in London 1997 - 2001. London: King's Fund, 2002.

26. Buist SA. Consequences and Comorbidities of Cigarette-induced Lung Injury: Lung Cancer, COPD, and Cardiovascular disease. Introduction. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 2008; 5(8):796-799.

27. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global Strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. GOLD, 2006.

28. Wasswa-Kintu S, Gan WQ, Man SF et al. Relationship between reduced forced expiratory volume in one second and the risk of lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax. 2005; 60(7):570-575.

29. Mannino DM. COPD and lung cancer have come a long way ...baby. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2007; 176(2):108-109.

30. Boyd CM, Darer J, Boult C et al. Clinical practice guidelines and quality of care for older patients with multiple comorbid diseases: implications for pay for performance. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2005; 294(6):716-724.

31. Fabbri LM, Luppi F, Beghe B et al. Complex chronic comorbidities of COPD. Eur Respir J. 2008; 31(1):204-212.

32. van Weel C., Schellevis FG. Comorbidity and guidelines: conflicting interests. Lancet. 2006; 367(9510):550-551.

33. Britton M. The burden of COPD in the U.K.: results from the Confronting COPD survey. Respir Med. 2003; 97(Suppl C):S71-S79.

34. British Thoracic Society. The Burden of Lung Disease. (2nd edition). British Thoracic Society, 2006.

35. Anon. Appendix D: Economics costs of COPD to the NHS. Thorax. 2004; 59(Suppl):i192-i194.

36. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. The Guidelines Manual 2007. National Institute for Health and Clincal Excellence, 2007.

37. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. The Guidelines Manual. London: UK: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2009.

38. Fletcher CM, Elmes PC, Fairbairn MB et al. The significance of respiratory symptoms and the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis in a working population. Br Med J. 1959; 2(5147):257-266.

39. Nolan D, White P, Pearson MG. FEV-1 and PEF in COPD management. Thorax. 1999; 54(5):468-469.

40. Jones PW. Health status measurement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2001; 56(11):880-887.

41. Anthonisen NR, Wright EC, Hodgkin JE. Prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986; 133(1):14-20.

42. Burrows B. The course and prognosis of different types of chronic airflow limitation in a general population sample from Arizona: comparison with the Chicago "COPD" series. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989; 140(3 Pt 2):S92-S94.

43. Perez PR, Hallal PC, Vazquez GJ et al. Impact of bronchodilator use on the prevalence of COPD in population-based samples. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2007; 4(2):113-120.

44. Calverley PMA, Burge PS, Spencer S et al. Bronchodilator reversibility testing in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2003; 58(8):659-664.

45. Quanjer PH, Tammeling GJ, Cotes JE et al. Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Report Working Party Standardization of Lung Function Tests, European Community for Steel and Coal. Official Statement of the European Respiratory Society. European Respiratory Journal Supplement. 1993; 16:5-40.

46. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD (2007 update).:[1-109] Available from: http://www goldcopd com/.

47. Johannessen A, Lehmann S, Omenaas ER et al. Post-bronchodilator spirometry reference values in adults and implications for disease management. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2006; 173(12):1316-1325.

48. Schermer TRJ, Quanjer PH. COPD screening in primary care: Who is sick? Primary Care Respiratory Journal. 2007; 16(1):49-53.

49. Falaschetti E, Laiho J, Primatesta P et al. Prediction equations for normal and low lung function from the Health Survey for England. Eur Respir J. 2004; 23(3):456-463.

50. Viegi G, Pedreschi M, Pistelli F et al. Prevalence of airways obstruction in a general population: European Respiratory Society vs American Thoracic Society definition. Chest. 2000; 117(5 SUPPL. 2):339S-345S.

51. Hardie JA, Buist AS, Vollmer WM et al. Risk of over-diagnosis of COPD in asymptomatic elderly never-smokers. Eur Respir J. 2002; 20(5):1117-1122.

52. Celli BR, Halbert RJ, Isonaka S et al. Population impact of different definitions of airway obstruction. Eur Respir J. 2003; 22(2):268-273.

53. Hnizdo E, Glindmeyer HW, Petsonk EL et al. Case definitions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2006; 3(2):95-100.

54. Culver BH. Interpretation of spirometry: we can do better than the GOLD standard. Respir Care. 2006; 51(7):719-721.

55. Roberts SD, Farber MO, Knox KS et al. FEV1/FVC ratio of 70% misclassifies patients with obstruction at the extremes of age. Chest. 2006; 130(1):200-206.

56. Shirtcliffe P, Weatherall M, Marsh S et al. COPD prevalence in a random population survey: a matter of definition. Eur Respir J. 2007; 30(2):232-239.

57. Enright P, Quanjer P. Spirometry for COPD is both underutilized and overutilized. Chest. 2007; 132(2):368-370.

58. Medbo A, Melbye H. Lung function testing in the elderly--can we still use FEV1/FVC<70% as a criterion of COPD? Respir Med. 2007; 101(6):1097-1105.

59. Hansen JE, Sun XG, Wasserman K. Spirometric criteria for airway obstruction: Use percentage of FEV1/FVC ratio below the fifth percentile, not < 70%. Chest. 2007; 131(2):349-355.

60. Pellegrino R, Brusasco V, Viegi G et al. Definition of COPD: based on evidence or opinion? Eur Respir J. 2008; 31(3):681-682.

61. Swanney MP, Ruppel G, Enright PL et al. Using the lower limit of normal for the FEV1/FVC ratio reduces the misclassification of airway obstruction. Thorax. 2008; 63(12):1046-1051.

62. Akhtar R, Wilson A. A comparison of spirometry in general practice and a pulmonary function laboratory. Primary Care Respiratory Journal. 2005; 14(4):215-220.

63. Schermer TR, Smeele IJ, Thoonen BP et al. Current clinical guideline definitions of airflow obstruction and COPD overdiagnosis in primary care. Eur Respir J. 2008; 32(4):945-952.

64. Cerveri I, Corsico AG, Accordini S et al. Underestimation of airflow obstruction among young adults using FEV1/FVC <70% as a fixed cut-off: a longitudinal evaluation of clinical and functional outcomes. Thorax. 2008; 63(12):1040-1045.

65. Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V et al. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J. 2005; 26(5):948-968.

66. American Thoracic Society. Lung function testing: selection of reference values and interpretative strategies. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991; 144(5):1202-1218.

67. Ko FW, Woo J, Tam W et al. Prevalence and risk factors of airflow obstruction in an elderly Chinese population. Eur Respir J. 2008; 32(6):1472-1478.

68. Roche N, Dalmay F, Perez T et al. FEV1/FVC and FEV1 for the assessment of chronic airflow obstruction in prevalence studies: do prediction equations need revision? Respir Med. 2008; 102(11):1568-1574.

69. Celli BR, MacNee W. Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper. Eur Respir J. 2004; 23(6):932-946.

70. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease- management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults in primary and secondary care. (CG12)., 2004.

71. COPD Guidelines Group of the Standards of Care Committee of the BTS. BTS guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1997; 52(Suppl 5):S1-28.

72. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD. 2001.

73. British Thoracic Society, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British Guideline on the management of asthma. Thorax. 2003; 58(Suppl 1):1-94.

74. Anthonisen NR, Wright EC. Bronchodilator response in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986; 133(5):814-819.

75. Nisar M, Walshaw M, Earis JE et al. Assessment of reversibility of airway obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. Thorax. 1990; 45(3):190-194.

76. Nisar M, Earis JE, Pearson MG et al. Acute bronchodilator trials in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992; 146(3):555-559.

77. Hadcroft J, Calverley PM. Alternative methods for assessing bronchodilator reversibility in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2001; 56(9):713-720.

78. Brand PL, Quanjer PH, Postma DS et al. Interpretation of bronchodilator response in patients with obstructive airways disease. The Dutch Chronic Non-Specific Lung Disease (CNSLD) Study Group. Thorax. 1992; 47(6):429-436.

79. Tweeddale PM, Alexander F, McHardy GJR. Short-term variability in fev1 and bronchodilator responsiveness in patients with obstructive ventilatory defects. Thorax. 1987; 42(7):487-490.

80. Fabbri LM, Romagnoli M, Corbetta L et al. Differences in airway inflammation in patients with fixed airflow obstruction due to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 167(3); 418-424. 2003.

81. Santus P, Pecchiari M, Carlucci P et al. Bronchodilation test in COPD: effect of inspiratory manoeuvre preceding forced expiration. Eur Respir J. 2003; 21(1):82-85.

82. Burge PS, Calverley PMA, Jones PW et al. Prednisolone response in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the ISOLDE study. Thorax. 2003; 58:1-5.

83. Celli BR, Cote CG, Lareau SC et al. Predictors of Survival in COPD: more than just the FEV1. Respir Med. 2008; 102 Suppl 1:S27-35, 2008 Jun.:S27-S35.

84. Fan VS, Curtis JR, Tu S et al. Using quality of life to predict hospitalization and mortality in patients with obstructive lung diseases. Chest. 2002; 122(2):429-436.

85. Almagro P, Calbo E, Ochoa de EA et al. Mortality after hospitalization for COPD. Chest. 2002; 121(5):1441-1448.

86. Chen H, Eisner MD, Katz PP et al. Measuring disease-specific quality of life in obstructive airway disease: validation of a modified version of the airways questionnaire 20. Chest. 2006; 129(6):1644-1652.

87. Yohannes AM, Baldwin RC, Connolly M. Mortality predictors in disabling chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in old age. Age & Ageing. 2002; 31(2):137-140.

88. Osman IM, Godden DJ, Friend JA et al. Quality of life and hospital re-admission in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1997; 52(1):67-71.

89. Ramsey SD, Sullivan SD. The burden of illness and economic evaluation for COPD. Eur Respir J. 2003; 21(41):29s-35s.

90. Oga T, Nishimura K, Tsukino M et al. Analysis of the factors related to mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: role of exercise capacity and health status. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2003; 167(4):544-549.

91. Singh S, Loke YK, Furberg CD et al. Inhaled anticholinergics and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2008; 300(12):1439-1450.

92. Antonelli-Incalzi R, Pedone C, Scarlata S et al. Correlates of mortality in elderly COPD patients: Focus on health-related quality of life. Respirology. 2009; 14(1):98-104.

93. Esteban C, Quintana JM, Aburto M et al. Predictors of mortality in patients with stable COPD. J Gen Intern Med. 2008; 23(11):1829-1834.

94. Oga T, Nishimura K, Tsukino M et al. Health status measured with the CRQ does not predict mortality in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2002; 20(5):1147-1151.

95. Gudmundsson G, Gislason T, Janson C et al. Risk factors for rehospitalisation in COPD: role of health status, anxiety and depression. Eur Respir J. 2005; 26(3):414-419.

96. Halpin DM, Peterson S, Larsson TP et al. Identifying COPD patients at increased risk of mortality: predictive value of clinical study baseline data. Respir Med. 2008; 102(11):1615-1624.

97. Briggs A, Spencer M, Wang H et al. Development and validation of a prognostic index for health outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med. 2008; 168(1):71-79.

98. Ong KC, Earnest A, Lu SJ. A multidimensional grading system (BODE index) as predictor of hospitalization for COPD. Chest. 2005; 128(6):3810-3816.

99. Esteban C, Quintana JM, Aburto M et al. A simple score for assessing stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. 2006; 99(11):751-759.

100. Casanova C, Cote C, de Torres JP et al. Inspiratory-to-total lung capacity ratio predicts mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2005; 171(6):591-597.

101. de Torres JP, Pinto Plata V., Casanova C et al. C-reactive protein levels and survival in patients with moderate to very severe COPD.[see comment]. Chest. 2008; 133(6):1336-1343.

102. Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Casanova C et al. Prediction of risk of COPD exacerbations by the BODE index. Respir Med. 2009; 103(3):373-378.

103. Celli BR, Cote CG, Marin JM et al. The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350(10):1005-1012.

104. Bridevaux PO, Gerbase MW, Probst HN et al. Long-term decline in lung function, utilisation of care and quality of life in modified GOLD stage 1 COPD. Thorax. 2008; 63(9):768-774.

105. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. National clinical guideline on management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults in primary and secondary care. Thorax. 2004; 59 Suppl 1:1-232.

106. Freeman D. COPD prevalence in asymptomatic smokers - The first 100. Primary Care Respiratory Journal. 2000; 9:41.

107. van Schayck CP, Loozen JM, Wagena E et al. Detecting patients at a high risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in general practice: cross sectional case finding study. Br Med J. 2002; 324(7350):1370-1374.

108. Humerfelt S, Eide G, Aaro L et al. Effectiveness of postal smoking cessation advice: a randomised controlled trial in young men with reduced FEV1 and asbestos exposure. Eur Respir J. 1998; 11:284-290.

109. Risser NL, Belcher DW. Adding spirometry, carbon-monoxide, and pulmonary symptom results to smoking cessation counseling - a randomized trial. J Gen Intern Med. 1990; 5(1):16-22.

110. Jonsson JS, Gislason T, Gislason D et al. Acute bronchitis and clinical outcome three years later: prospective cohort study. Br Med J. 1998; 317(7170):1433.

111. British Thoracic Society. BTS guidelines for the management of COPD. The COPD Guielines Group of the Standards of Care Committee of the BTS. Thorax. 52(Suppl 5); S1-S28. 1997.

112. van der Meer RM, Wagena EJ, Ostelo RWJG et al. Smoking cessation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

113. Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Kiley JP et al. Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1. The Lung Health Study. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994; 272(19):1497-1505.

114. Brandt CJ, Ellegaard H, Joensen M et al. Effect of diagnosis of "smoker's lung". RYLUNG Group. Lancet. 1997; 349(9047):253.

115. Crowley TJ, Macdonald MJ, Walter MI. Behavioral anti-smoking trial in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Psychopharmacology. 1995; 119:193-204.

116. Pederson LL, Wanklin JM, Lefcoe NM. The effects of counseling on smoking cessation among patients hospitalized with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized clinical trial. International Journal of the Addictions. 1991; 26(1):107-119.

117. Tashkin D, D., Kanner et al. Smoking cessation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet. 2001; 357(9268):1571-1575.

118. Scanlon PD, Connett JE, Waller LA et al. Smoking cessation and lung function in mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - The Lung Health Study. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2000; 161(2):381-390.

119. Kanner RE, Connett JE, Williams DE et al. Effects of randomized assignment to a smoking cessation intervention and changes in smoking habits on respiratory symptoms in smokers with early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the Lung Health Study. Am J Med. 1999; 106:410-416.

120. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Smoking cessation services: guidance. (PH 10). London: UK: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2008.

121. Woolacott NF, Jones L, Forbes CA et al. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bupropion and nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technology Assessment. 6(16); 1-245. 2002. PM:12269277

122. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Varenicline for smoking cessation. (TA123)., 2007.

123. Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Calverley PM et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Workshop summary. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2001; 163(5):1256-1276.

124. Corris PA, Neville E, Nariman S et al. Dose-response study of inhaled salbutamol powder in chronic air-flow obstruction. Thorax. 1983; 38(4):292-296.

125. Teale C, Morrison JFJ, Page RL et al. Dose-response to inhaled salbutamol in chronic obstructive airways disease. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1991; 67(790):754-756.

126. Sestini P, Renzoni E, Robinson S et al. Short-acting beta 2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

127. Dullinger D, Kronenberg R, Niewoehner DE. Efficacy of inhaled metaproterenol and orally-administered theophylline in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Chest. 1986; 89(2):171-173.

128. Guyatt GH, Townsend M, Pugsley SO et al. Bronchodilators in chronic air-flow limitation. Effects of airway function, exercise capacity, and quality of life. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987; 135(5):1069-1074.

129. Guyatt GH, Townsend M, Nogradi S et al. Acute response to bronchodilator. An imperfect guide for bronchodilator therapy in chronic airflow limitation. Arch Intern Med. 1988; 148(9):1949-1952.

130. Guyatt GH, Townsend M, Keller JL et al. Should study subjects see their previous responses: data from a randomized control trial. J Clin Epidemiol. 1989; 42(9):913-920.

131. Hansen NC, May O. Domiciliary nebulised terbutaline in severe chronic airways obstruction. Eur Respir J. 1990; 3(4):463-464.

132. Jaeschke R, Guyatt GH, Singer J et al. Mechanism of bronchodilator effect in chronic airflow limitation. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1991; 144(1):35-39.

133. Klock LE, Miller TD, Morris AH et al. A comparative study of atropine sulphate and isoproterenol hydrochloride in chronic bronchitis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1975; 112(3):371-376.

134. Light RW, Summer WR, Luchsinger PC. Response of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease to the regular administraion of nebulised isoproterenol. Chest. 1975; 67(6):634-639.

135. Shah SS, Johnsonton D, Woodcock AA et al. Breathlessness and exercise tolerance in chronic airflow obstruction: 2-hourly versus 4-hourly salbutamol by inhalation. Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1983; 8(5):345-349.

136. Silins RA, Marlin GE. Evaluation of domiciliary treament with terbutaline by wet nebulisation in patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Medicine. 1985; 15(2):230-240.

137. Tandon MK, Kailis SG. Bronchodilator treatment for partially reversible chronic obstructive airways disease. Thorax. 1991; 46(4):248-251.

138. Taylor DR, Buick B, Kinney C. The efficacy of orally administered theophylline, inhaled salbutamol, and a combination of the two as chronic therapy in the management of chronic bronchitis with reversible air-flow obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985; 131(5):747-751.

139. Wilson RSE, Connellan SJ. Domiciliary nebulized salbutamol solution in severe chronic airway obstruction in severe chronic airway obstruction. Thorax. 1980; 35:873-876.

140. Cook D, Guyatt G, Wong E et al. Regular versus as-needed short-acting inhaled beta-agonist therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2001; 163(1):85-90.

141. Gross NJ, Co E, Skorodin MS. Cholinergic bronchomotor tone in COPD. Estimates of its amount in comparison with that in normal subjects. Chest. 1989; 96(5):984-987.

142. Ikeda A, Nishimura K, Koyama H et al. Bronchodilating effects of combined therapy with clinical dosages of ipratropium bromide and salbutamol for stable copd - comparison with ipratropium bromide alone. Chest. 1995; 107(2):401-405.

143. Ikeda A, Nishimura K, Koyama H et al. Comparative dose-response study of 3 anticholinergic agents and fenoterol using a metered-dose inhaler in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary-disease. Thorax. 1995; 50(1):62-66.

144. Higgins BG, Powell RM, Cooper S et al. Effect of salbutamol and ipratropium bromide on airway caliber and bronchial reactivity in asthma and chronic-bronchitis. Eur Respir J. 1991; 4(4):415-420.

145. Braun SR, McKenzie WN, Copeland C et al. A comparison of the effect of ipratropium and albuterol in the treatment of chronic obstructive airway disease. Arch Intern Med. 1989; 149(3):544-547.

146. Campbell S. For COPD a combination of ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate is more effective than albuterol base. Arch Intern Med. 1999; 159(2):156-160.

147. Colice GL. Nebulized bronchodilators for outpatient management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med. 1996; 100(1A):11S-18S.

148. Rennard SI, Serby CW, Ghafouri M et al. Extended therapy with ipratropium is associated with improved lung function in patients with COPD: A retrospective analysis of data from seven clinical trials. Chest. 1996; 110(1):62-70.

149. Taylor J, Kotch A, Rice K et al. Ipratropium bromide hydrofluoroalkane inhalation aerosol is safe and effective in patients with COPD. Chest. 2001; 120(4):1253-1261.

150. Rennard SI, Anderson W, Zu Wallack R et al. Use of a long-acting inhaled beta(2)-adrenergic agonist, salmeterol xinafoate, in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2001; 163(5):1087-1092.

151. Dahl R, Greefhorst LAPM, Nowak D et al. Inhaled formoterol dry powder versus ipratropium bromide in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2001; 164(5):778-784.

152. Mahler DA, Donohue JF, Barbee RA et al. Efficacy of salmeterol xinafoate in the treatment of COPD. Chest. 1999; 115(4):957-965.

153. Appleton S, Smith B, Veale A et al. Long-acting beta2-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

154. Boyd G, Morice AH, Pounsford JC et al. An evaluation of salmeterol in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eur Respir J. 1997; 10(4):815-821.

155. Goodwin B, Cox F, Anderson W et al. Comparision of salmeterol 42ug BID (SLG) versus ipratropium bromide 36ug q.i.d. vs placebo on disease specific quality of life in COPD patients: reversible or non-reversible to ventolin. ALA/ATS Abstract 1997-1999. 1997.

156. Grove A, Lipworth BJ, Reid P et al. Effects of regular salmeterol on lung function and exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. Thorax. 1996; 51(7):689-693.

157. Jones PW, Bosh TK. Quality of life changes in COPD patients treated with salmeterol. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1997; 155(4):1283-1289.

158. Rutten-Van M, Roos B, van N. An empirical comparison of the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ) in a clinical trial setting. Thorax. 1999; 54(11):995-1003.

159. Ulrik CS. Efficacy of inhaled salmeterol in the management of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a single centre randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. Thorax. 1995; 50(7):750-754.

160. van Noord JA, de Munck DRAJ, Bantje TA et al. Long-term treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with salmeterol and the additive effect of ipratropium. Eur Respir J. 2000; 15(5):878-885.

161. Shukla, V. K., Husereau, D. R., Boucher, M., Mensunkai, S., and Dales, R. Long-acting beta2-agonists for maintenance therapy of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review. (39). Ottawa: Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment (CCOHTA)., 2002.

162. Aalbers R, Ayres J, Backer V et al. Formoterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized, controlled, 3-month trial. Eur Respir J. 2002; 19(5):936-943.

163. Rossi A, Kristufek P, Levine BE et al. Comparison of the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of formoterol dry powder and oral, slow-release theophylline in the treatment of COPD. Chest. 2002; 121(4):1058-1069.

164. Brusasco V, Hodder R, Miravitlles M et al. Health outcomes following treatment for six months with once daily tiotropium compared with twice daily salmeterol in patients with COPD. Thorax. 2003; 58:399-404.

165. Mahler DA, Wire P, Horstman D et al. Effectiveness of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol combination delivered via the Diskus device in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2002; 166(8):1084-1091.

166. Szafranski W, Cukier A, Ramirez A et al. Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2003; 21(1):74-81.

167. Calverley P, Pauwels R, Vestbo J et al. Combined salmeterol and fluticasone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003; 361(9356):449-456.

168. Donohue JF, van Noord JA, Bateman ED et al. A 6-month, placebo-controlled study comparing lung function and health status changes in COPD patients treated with tiotropium or salmeterol. Chest. 2002; 122(1):47-55.

169. Littner MR, Ilowite JS, Tashkin DP et al. Long-acting bronchodilation with once-daily dosing of tiotropium (Spiriva) in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2000; 161(4):1136-1142.

170. Casaburi R, Briggs DD, Donohue JF et al. The spirometric efficacy of once-daily dosing with tiotropium in stable COPD - A 13-week multicenter trial. Chest. 2000; 118(5):1294-1302.

171. Casaburi R, Mahler DA, Jones PW et al. A long-term evaluation of once-daily inhaled tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2002; 19(2):217-224.

172. Vincken W, van Noord JA, Greefhorst APM et al. Improved health outcomes in patients with COPD during 1 yr's treatment with tiotropium. Eur Respir J. 2002; 19(2):209-216.

173. Oostenbrink JB, Rutten-van Molken MP, Monz BU et al. Probabilistic Markov model to assess the cost-effectiveness of bronchodilator therapy in COPD patients in different countries. Value in Health. 2005; 8(1):32-46.

174. Rutten-van Mölken MP, Oostenbrink JB, Miravitlles M et al. Modelling the 5-year cost effectiveness of tiotropium, salmeterol and ipratropium for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Spain. European Journal of Health Economics. 2007; 8(2):123-135.

175. Oba Y. Cost-effectiveness of long-acting bronchodilators for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007; 82(5):575-582.

176. Oostenbrink JB, Rutten vMM, Al MJ et al. One-year cost-effectiveness of tiotropium versus ipratropium to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2004; 23(2):241-249.

177. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) for OECD countries since 1980. http://www oecd org/. 2008. OECD. http://www.oecd.org/

178. Vogelmeier C, Kardos P, Harari S et al. Formoterol mono- and combination therapy with tiotropium in patients with COPD: a 6-month study. Respir Med. 2008; 102(11):1511-1520.

179. Keatings VM, Jatakanon A, Worsdell YM et al. Effects of inhaled and oral glucocorticoids on inflammatory indices in asthma and COPD. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1997; 155(2):542-548.

180. Hattotuwa KL, Gizycki MJ, Ansari TW et al. The effects of inhaled fluticasone on airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled biopsy study. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2002; 165(12):1592-1596.

181. Peperell K, Rudolf M, Pearson M et al. General practitioner prescribing habits in asthma/COPD. Asthma in General Practice. 1997; 5(2):29-30.

182. Alsaeedi A, Sin DD, McAlister FA. The effects of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Am J Med. 2002; 113(1):59-65.

183. Burge PS, Calverley PMA, Jones PW et al. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the ISOLDE trial. Br Med J. 2000; 320(7245):1297-1303.

184. The Lung Health Study Research Group, Altose MD, Redline S et al. Effect of inhaled triamcinolone on the decline in pulmonary function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343(26):1902-1909.

185. Vestbo J, Sorensen T, Lange P et al. Long-term effect of inhaled budesonide in mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1999; 353(9167):1819-1823.

186. Pauwels RA, Lofdahl CG, Laitinen LA et al. Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340(25):1948-1953.

187. van Grunsven PM, van Schayck CP, Derenne JP et al. Long term effects of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis. Thorax. 1999; 54(1):7-14.

188. Derenne JP. Effects of high dose inhaled beclomethasone in the rate of decline in FEV1 in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results of a 2 year prospective multicentre study. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 151. 1995.

189. Johnell O, Pauwels R, Lofdahl C-G et al. Bone mineral density in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with budesonide Turbuhaler. Eur Respir J. 2002; 19(6):1058-1063.

190. Jones PW, Willits LR, Burge PS et al. Disease severity and the effect of fluticasone propionate on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Eur Respir J. 2003; 21(1):68-73.

191. Soriano JB, Vestbo J, Pride NB et al. Survival in COPD patients after regular use of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol in general practice. Eur Respir J. 2002; 20(4):819-825.

192. Sin DD, Tu JV. Inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of mortality and readmission in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2001; 164:580-584.

193. Sin DD, Man SFP. Inhaled corticosteroids and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Does the dose matter? Eur Respir J. 2003; 21(2):260-266.

194. Renkema TE, Schouten JP, Koeter GH et al. Effects of long-term treatment with corticosteroids in COPD. Chest. 109(5); 1156-1162. 1996.

195. Paggiaro PL, Dahle R, Bakran I et al. Multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial of inhaled fluticasone propionate in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet. 1998; 351(9105):773-780.

196. Dragonetti ME, Groth ML. Inhaled cortiocsteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Are they cost-effect? Clinical Pulmonary Medicine. 2000; 7

197. Calverley PM, Anderson JA, Celli B et al. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356(8):775-789.

198. Ferguson GT, Calverley PM, Anderson JA et al. Prevalence and progression of osteoporosis in patients with COPD. Results from the towards a revolution in COPD health study. Chest. 2009; 136(6):1456-1465.

199. Sin DD, Tashkin D, Zhang X et al. Budesonide and the risk of pneumonia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet. 2009; 374(9691):712-719.

200. Aaron S, Vandemheen K, Fergusson D et al. Tiotropium in combination with placebo, salmeterol, or fluticasone-salmeterol for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007; 146(8):545-555.

201. Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd. UPLIFT subgroup analyses (Number 5 - RIGHT DATA). Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd, 2009:

202. Nannini LJ, Cates CJ, Lasserson TJ et al. Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist in one inhaler versus long-acting beta-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2007;(4):CD006829.

203. Ferguson GT, Calverley PM, Anderson JA et al. Prevalence and progression of osteoporosis in patients with COPD. Results from the towards a revolution in COPD health study. Chest. 2009; 136(6):1456-1465.

204. Ferguson GT, Anzueto A, Fei R et al. Effect of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (250/50mug) or salmeterol (50mug) on COPD exacerbations. Respir Med. 2008; 102(8):1099-1108.

205. Rennard SI, Tashkin DP, McElhattan J et al. Efficacy and tolerability of budesonide/formoterol in one hydrofluoroalkane pressurized metered-dose inhaler in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from a 1-year randomized controlled clinical trial. Drugs. 2009; 69(5):549-565.

206. Tashkin DP, Rennard SI, Martin P et al. Efficacy and safety of budesonide and formoterol in one pressurized metered-dose inhaler in patients with moderate to very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results of a 6-month randomized clinical trial. Drugs. 2008; 68(14):1975-2000.

207. Jenkins C, Jones P, Calverley P et al. Efficacy of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate by GOLD stage of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: analysis from the randomised, placebo-controlled TORCH study. Respiratory Research. 2009; 10(1):59.

208. Dal Negro RR, Eandi M, Pradelli L et al. Cost-effectiveness and healthcare budget impact in Italy of inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators for severe and very severe COPD patients. International Journal of Copd. 2007; 2(2):169-176.

209. Lofdahl CG, Ericsson A, Svensson K et al. Cost effectiveness of budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler for COPD compared with each monocomponent used alone. Pharmacoeconomics. 2005; 23(4):365-375.

210. Mayers, I., Jacobs, P., Marciniuk, D. D., Chuck, A., and Varney, J. Long-acting Beta2-agonists (LABA) plus corticosteroids versus LABA alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (83). Canada: Ottawa: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH), 2007.

211. Briggs A, Glick H, Lozano-Ortega G et al. Is treatment with ICS and LABA cost-effective for COPD? Multinational economic analysis of the TORCH study. Eur Respir J. 2009;09031936.

212. Earnshaw SR, Wilson MR, Dalal AA et al. Cost-effectiveness of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (500/50 microg) in the treatment of COPD. Respir Med. 2009; 103(1):12-21.

213. Oba Y. Cost-effectiveness of salmeterol, fluticasone, and combination therapy for COPD. Am J Manag Care. 2009; 15(4):226-232.

214. Akazawa M, Hayflinger DC, Stanford RH et al. Economic assessment of initial maintenance therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Manag Care. 2008; 14(7):438-448.

215. Rascati KL, Akazawa M, Johnsrud M et al. Comparison of hospitalizations, emergency department visits, and costs in a historical cohort of Texas Medicaid patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, by initial medication regimen. Clin Ther. 2007; 29(6):1203-1213.

216. Gagnon YM, Levy AR, Spencer MD et al. Economic evaluation of treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta 2-agonists in a health maintenance organization. Respir Med. 2005; 99(12):1534-1545.

217. Delea TE, Hagiwara M, Dalal AA et al. Healthcare use and costs in patients with chronic bronchitis initiating maintenance therapy with fluticasone/salmeterol vs other inhaled maintenance therapies. Current Medical Research & Opinion. 2009; 25(1):1-13.

218. Calverley PM, Boonsawat W, Cseke Z et al. Maintenance therapy with budesonide and formoterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2003; 22(6):912-919.

219. Wedzicha JA, Calverley PM, Seemungal TA et al. The prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations by salmeterol/fluticasone propionate or tiotropium bromide. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2008; 177(1):19-26.

220. Najafzadeh M, Marra CA, Sadatsafavi M et al. Cost effectiveness of therapy with combinations of long acting bronchodilators and inhaled steroids for treatment of COPD. Thorax. 2008; 63(11):962-967.

221. electronic Medicines Compendium. Seretide 100, 250, 500 Accuhaler. 2008. UK: Middlesex, Allen & Hanbury. http://emc.medicines.org.uk/medicine/2317/SPC/Seretide+100%2c+250%2c+500+Accuhaler/#USEHANDLING

222. British Medical Association, Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. British National Formulary. 57 ed. UK: BMJ Group and RPS Publishing; 2009.

223. Kardos P, Wencker M, Glaab T et al. Impact of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate versus salmeterol on exacerbations in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2007; 175(2):144-149.

224. Tashkin DP, Celli B, Senn S et al. A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359(15):1543-1554.

225. Brocklebank DM, Ram FSF, Wright J et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of inhaler devices in asthma and chronic obstructive airways disease: a systematic review of the literature. Health Technology Assessment. 5(26). 2001. The National Coordinating Centre for Health Technology Assessment (NCCHTA). http://www.ncchta.org/ProjectData/3_project_record_published.asp?PjtId=1106

226. Ram FSF, Brocklebank DM, Muers M et al. Pressurised metered-dose inhalers versus all other hand-held inhalers devices to deliver bronchodilators for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

227. Cuvelier A, Muir J, Benhamou D et al. Dry powder ipratropium bromide is as safe and effective as metered-dose inhaler formulation: a cumulative dose-response study in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Respir Care. 2002; 47(2):159-166.

228. Eiser N, Angus K, McHale S. The role of domiciliary nebulizers in managing patients with severe COPD. Respir Med. 2001; 95(4):265-274.

229. O'Driscoll BR, Kay EA, Taylor RJ et al. A long-term prospective assessment of home nebulizer treatment. Respir Med. 1992; 86(4):317-325.

230. Allen SC. Competence thresholds for the use of inhalers in people with dementia. Age & Ageing. 1997; 26(2):83-86.

231. Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age & Ageing. 1972; 1(4):233-238.

232. Connolly MJ. Inhaler technique of elderly patients: comparison of metered-dose inhalers and large volume spacer devices. Age & Ageing. 1995; 24(3):190-192.

233. Allen SC, Prior A. What determines whether an elderly patient can use a metered dose inhaler correctly? British Journal of Diseases of the Chest. 1986; 80(1):45-49.

234. Armitage JM, Williams SJ. Inhaler technique in the elderly. Age & Ageing. 1988; 17(4):275-278.

235. Selroos O, Halme M. Effect of a volumatic spacer and mouth rinsing on systemic absorption of inhaled corticosteroids from a metered dose inhaler and dry powder inhaler. Thorax. 1991; 46(12):891-894.

236. Diggory P, Bailey R, Vallon A. Effectiveness of inhaled bronchodilator delivery systems for elderly patients. Age & Ageing. 1991; 20(5):379-382.

237. Harvey J, Williams JG. Randomised cross-over comparison of five inhaler systems for bronchodilator therapy. British Journal of Clinical Practice. 1992; 46(4):249-251.

238. Allen SC, Ragab S. Ability to learn inhaler technique in relation to cognitive scores and tests of praxis in old age. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2002; 78(915):37-39.

239. Teale C, Jones A, Patterson CJ et al. Community survey of home nebulizer technique by elderly people. Age & Ageing. 1995; 24(4):276-277.

240. O'Driscoll BR. Nebulisers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1997; 52(Suppl 2):S49-S52.

241. Boe J, Dennis JH, O'Driscoll BR et al. European Respiratory Society Guidelines on the use of nebulizers. Eur Respir J. 2001; 18(1):228-242.

242. Formgren H, Sjokvist A, Stahl E et al. Terbutaline in COPD comparison between Turbuhaler and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) inhaler. Lung. 1994; 172(5):271-280.

243. Ikeda A, Nishimura K, Koyama H et al. Comparison of the bronchodilator effects of salbutamol delivered via a metered-dose inhaler with spacer, a dry-powder inhaler, and a jet nebulizer in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration. 1999; 66(2):119-123.

244. Iacono P, Velicitat P, Guemas E et al. Improved delivery of ipratropium bromide using Respimat (a new soft mist inhaler) compared with a conventional metered dose inhaler: cumulative dose response study in patients with COPD. Respir Med. 2000; 94(5):490-495.

245. Callahan CM, Dittus RS, Katz BP. Oral corticosteroid therapy for patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1991; 114(3):216-223.

246. Corden Z, Rees PJ. The effect of oral corticosteroids on bronchodilator responses in COPD. Respir Med. 1998; 92(2):279-282.

247. Weiner P, Weiner M, Rabner M et al. The response to inhaled and oral steroids in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Internal Medicine. 1999; 245(1):83-89.

248. Weir DC, Robertson AS, Gove RI et al. Time course of response to oral and inhaled corticosteroids in nonasthmatic chronic air-flow obstruction. Thorax. 1990; 45(2):118-121.

249. Weir DC, Gove RI, Robertson AS et al. Corticosteroid trials in non-asthmatic chronic airflow obstruction: A comparison of oral prednisolone and inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate. Thorax. 1990; 45(2):112-117.

250. Royal College of Physicians. Osteoporosis. Clinical guidelines for prevention and treatment. 1999.

251. Vassallo R, Lipsky JJ. Theophylline: recent advances in the understanding o fits mode of action and uses in clinical practice. Mayo Clin Proc. 1998; 73(4):346-354.

252. Murciano D, Aubier M, Lecocguic Y et al. Effects of theophylline on diaphragmatic strength and fatigue in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 1984; 311(6):349-353.

253. Ziment I. Theophylline and mucociliary clearance. Chest. 1987; 92(Suppl 1):38S-43S.

254. Matthay RA, Mahler DA. Theophylline improves global cardiac function and reduces dyspnea in chronic obstructive lung disease. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology. 1986; 78(4 II Suppl):793-799.

255. Upton RA. Pharmacokinetic interactions between theophylline and other medication. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 1991; 20(Part 1):66-80.

256. Aronson JK, Hardman M, Reynolds DJ. ABC of monitoring drug therapy. Theophylline. Br Med J. 1992; 305(6865):1355-1358.

257. Ram FSF, Jones PW, Castro AA et al. Oral theophylline for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

258. Fink G, Kaye C, Sulkes J et al. Effect of theophylline on exercise performance in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1994; 49(4):332-334.

259. Newman D, Tamir J, Speedy L et al. Physiological and neuropsychological effects of theophylline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences. 1994; 30(11):811-816.

260. Alexander MR, Dull WL, Kasik JE. Treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with orally administered theophylline. A double-blind, controlled study. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1980; 244(20):2286-2290.

261. Mulloy E, McNicholas WT. Theophylline improves gas exchange during rest, exercise, and sleep in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993; 148(4):1030-1036.

262. Compton CH, Gubb J, Nieman R et al. Cilomilast, a selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor for treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised, dose-ranging study. Lancet. 2001; 358(9278):265-270.

263. Bachh AA, Shah NN, Bhargava R et al. Effect of oral N-acetylcysteine in COPD - A randomised controlled trial. JK Practitioner. 2007; 14(1):12-16.

264. Zheng JP, Kang J, Huang SG et al. Effect of carbocisteine on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PEACE Study): a randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2008; 371(9629):2013-2018.

265. Poole PJ, Black PN. Mucolytic agents for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

266. Poole P, Black PN. Mucolytic agents for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006;(Black Peter N. Mucolytic agents for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: Reviews 2006 Issue 3 John Wiley & Sons)

267. Schermer T, Chavannes N, Dekhuijzen R et al. Fluticasone and N-acetylcysteine in primary care patients with COPD or chronic bronchitis. Respir Med. 2009; 103(4):542-551.

268. Grandjean EM, Berthet P, Ruffmann R et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of oral N-acetylcysteine as a preventive treatment in chronic bronchitis. Pharmacological Research. 2000; 42(1):39-50.

269. Grassi C, Morandini GC. A controlled trial of intermittent oral acetylcysteine in the long-term treatment of chronic bronchitis 18. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacotherapy. 1976; 09(5-6):393-396.

270. Boman G, Backer U, Larsson S et al. Oral acetylcysteine reduces exacerbation rate in chronic bronchitis: report of a trial organized by the Swedish Society for Pulmonary Diseases European Journal of Respiratory Diseases. 1983; 64(6):405-415.

271. Meister R. Langzeittherapie mit Acetylcystein Retard-Tabletten bei Patienten mit chronischer Bronchitis. Forum prackt Allg Arzt. 1986; 25:18-25.

272. Parr GD, Huitson A. Oral Fabrol (oral N-acetyl-cysteine) in chronic bronchitis. British Journal of Diseases of the Chest. 1987; 81(4):341-348.

273. Rasmussen JB, Glennow C. Reduction in days of illness after long-term treatment with N-acetylcysteine controlled-release tablets in patients with chronic bronchitis 4. Eur Respir J. 1988; 1(4):351-355.

274. MacNee W. Oxidants/antioxidants and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: pathogenesis to therapy. Novartis Foundation Symposium. 2001; 234:169-185.

275. Rahman I, MacNee W. Regulation of redox glutathione levels and gene transcription in lung inflammation: therapeutic approaches. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2000; 28(9):1405-1420.

276. Rautalahti M, Virtamo J, Haukka J et al. The effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on COPD symptoms. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1997; 156(5):1447-1452.

277. The ATBC Cancer Prevention Study Group. The alpha tocopherol, beta carotene lung cancer prevention study: design, methods, participant characteristics, and compliance. Ann Epidemiol. 1994; 4(1):1-10.

278. Aversa C, Cazzola M, Clini V et al. Clinical trial of the efficacy and safety of moguisteine in patients with cough associated with chronic respiratory diseases. Drugs Under Experimental & Clinical Research. 1993; 19(6):273-279.

279. Barnabe R, Berni F, Clini V et al. The efficacy and safety of moguisteine in comparison with codeine phosphate in patients with chronic cough. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1995; 50(2):93-97.

280. Del Donno M, Aversa C, Corsico R et al. Efficacy and safety of moguisteine in comparison with dextromethorphan in patients with persistent cough. Drug Investigation. 1994; 7(2):93-100.

281. Sergysels R, Art G. A double-masked, placebo-controlled polysomnographic study of the antitussive effects of helicidine. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical & Experimental. 2001; 62(1):35-47.

282. Wojcicki J, Szwed G, Drozdowska KD. The antitussive and expectorant drug Duopect evaluated by the preferential test. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis. 1976; 24(4):549-552.

283. Staykova T, Black P, Chacko E et al. Prophyactic antibiotic therapy for chronic bronchitis. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

284. Francis R. Chemotherapy in chronic bronchitis. Influence of daily penicillin and tetracycline on exacerbations and their cost. Br Med J. 1960; 1(5169):297-303.

285. Gosling WRO, Djajadinigrat RJ, Bergstein PGM et al. Continuous suppressive antimicrobial treament in chronic infected bronchitis during the winter months. Diseases of the Chest. (376); 380. 1967.

286. Johnston RN, Lockhart W, Smith DH et al. A trial of phenethicillin in chronic bronchitis. Br Med J. 1961; 2(5258):985-986.

287. Johnston RN, McNeill RS, Smith DH et al. Five-year winter chemoprophylaxis for chronic bronchitis. Br Med J. 1969; 4(678):265-269.

288. Liippo K, Pelliniemi TT, Lehto H. Trimethoprim prophylaxis of acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Acta Medica Scandinavica. 1987; 221(5):455-459.

289. Moyes EN, Kershaw RA. Long-continued treatment with tetracycline and prednisolone in chronic bronchitis. Lancet. 270(7007); 1187-1191. 1957.

290. Murdoch JM, Leckie WJH, Downie J et al. An evaluation of continuous antibiotic therapy in chronic bronchitis. British Medical Journal. 2(5162); 1277-1285. 1959.

291. Pridie R. A trial of continuous winter chemotherapy in chronic bronchitis. Lancet. 1960; 2(7153):723-727.

292. Working Party of the Medical Research Council. Value of chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy in early chronic bronchitis. A report to the Medical Reserach Council by their Working Party on Trials of Chemotherapy in Early Chronic Bronchitis. British Medical Journal. 1(5499); 1317-1322. 1966.

293. Haas H, Morris JF, Samson S. Effect of oral penicillin on pneumococcal carriage in elderly men with chronic bronchitis. Clin Ther. 1986; 8(3):301-308.

294. Suzuki T, Yanai M, Yamaya M et al. Erythromycin and common cold in COPD. Chest. 2001; 120(3):730-733.

295. Medical Research Council, Fletcher. Value of chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy in early chronic bronchitis. A report to the Medical Research Council by their working party on trials of chemotherapy in early chronic bronchitis. Br Med J. 1966; 1(5499):1317-1322.

296. Pines A. Controlled trials of a sulphonamide given weekly to prevent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Br Med J. 1967; 3(5559):202-204.

297. Moher D, Schulz K, Altman D. The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomised trials. Lancet. 2001; 357(9263):1191-1194.

298. Hahn HH, MacGregor RR, Avent CK et al. Ampicillin and tetracycline in the treatment and prophylaxis of chronic bronchitis. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy. 1972; 2(1):45-48.

299. Grob PR, White E, Gargan R et al. The use of erythromycin as prophylaxis in chronic bronchitis: a cohort study from general practice. Journal of International Medical Research. 1980; 8(Suppl):50.

300. Pugh DL, Holland EE. Chemoprophylaxis in chronic bronchitis. Antiseptic. 1974; 71:261-267.

301. McVay L. Antibiotic prophylaxis in chronic respiratory diseases. Arch Intern Med. 1953; 92(6):833-846.

302. Buchanan J. Long-term prophylactic administration of tetracycline to chronic bronchitics. Lancet. 1958; 2(7049):719-723.

303. Cherniack N. Long-term treatment of bronchiectasis and chronic bronchitis. Arch Intern Med. 1959; 103(March 1959):345-353.

304. Francis R. Chemotherapy of bronchitis. Influence of penicillin and tetracycline administered daily, or intermittently for exacerbations. Br Med J. 1961; 2(5258):979-985.

305. Cooper J, Inman J, Currie W. Prophylactic treatment of chronic bronchitis comparing cotrimoxazole and amoxycillin. British Journal of Clinical Practice. 1975; 29(11):307-310.

306. Zu Walalck RL, Mahler DA, Reilly D et al. Salmeterol plus theophylline combination therapy in the treatment of COPD. Chest. 2001; 119(6):1661-1670.

307. Bellia V, Foresi A, Bianco S et al. Efficacy and safety of oxitropium bromide, theophylline and their combination in COPD patients: a double-blind, randomized, multicentre study (BREATH Trial). Respir Med. 2002; 96(11):881-889.

308. Nishimura K, Koyama H, Ikeda A et al. The additive effect of theophylline on a high-dose combination of inhaled salbutamol and ipratropium bromide in stable COPD. Chest. 1995; 107(3):718-723.

309. Royal College of Physicians. Domiciliary oxygen therapy services. Clinical guidelines and advice for prescribers. London: Royal College of Physicians; 1999.

310. Medical Research Council Working Party, Flenley DC. Long term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Lancet. 1981; 1(8222):681-686.

311. Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group. Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease: a clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 1980; 93(3):391-398.

312. Timms RM, Khaja FU, Williams GW. Hemodynamic response to oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med. 1985; 102(1):29-36.

313. Cooper CB, Waterhouse J, Howard P. Twelve year clinical study of patients with hypoxic cor pulmonale given long term domiciliary oxygen therapy. Thorax. 1987; 42(2):105-110.

314. Cooper CB, Howard P. An analysis of sequential physiologic changes in hypoxic cor pulmonale during long-term oxygen therapy. Chest. 1991; 100(1):76-80.

315. Zielinski J, MacNee W, Wedzicha J et al. Causes of death in patients with COPD and chronic respiratory failure. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1997; 52(1):43-47.

316. PPA. Drug Tariff National Health Service, England and Wales. THE STATIONERY OFFICE BOOKS; 2003.

317. Heaney LG, McAllister D, MacMahon J. Cost minimisation analysis of provision of oxygen at home: are the drug tariff guidelines cost effective? 29. Br Med J. 1999; 319(7201):19-23.

318. Eaton T, Garrett JE, Young P et al. Ambulatory oxygen improves quality of life of COPD patients: A randomised controlled study. Eur Respir J. 2002; 20(2):306-312.

319. Crockett AJ, Cranston JM, Moss JR et al. A review of long-term oxygen therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 2001; 95(6):437-443.

320. Andersson A, Strom K, Brodin H et al. Domiciliary liquid oxygen versus concentrator treatment in chronic hypoxaemia: a cost-utility analysis. Eur Respir J. 1998; 12(6):1284-1289.

321. Okubadejo AA, Paul EA, Wedzicha JA. Domiciliary oxygen cylinders: indications, prescription and usage. Respir Med. 1994; 88(10):777-785.

322. Woodcock AA, Gross ER, Geddes DM. Oxygen relieves breathlessness in "pink puffers". Lancet. 1981; 1(8226):907-909.

323. Evans TW, Waterhouse JC, Carter A et al. Short burst oxygen treatment for breathlessness in chronic obstructive airways disease. Thorax. 1986; 41(8):611-615.

324. Swinburn CR, Mould H, Stone TN et al. Symptomatic benefit of supplemental oxygen in hypoxemic patients with chronic lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991; 143(5 Pt 1):913-915.

325. Ambrosino N, Montagna T, Nava S et al. Short term effect of intermittent negative pressure ventilation in COPD patients with respiratory failure. Eur Respir J. 1990; 3(5):502-508.

326. Meecham Jones DJ, Paul EA, Jones PW et al. Nasal pressure support ventilation plus oxygen compared with oxygen therapy alone in hypercapnic COPD. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1995; 152(2):538-544.

327. Plant PK, Elliott MW. Management of ventilatory failure in COPD. Thorax. 2003; 58(6):537-542.

328. Clini E, Sturani C, Rossi A et al. The Italian multicentre study on noninvasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Eur Respir J. 2002; 20(3):529-538.

329. Behnke RH, Blount SG, Bristow JD et al. Primary prevention of pulmonary heart disease. Circulation. 1970; 41(6):A17-A23.

330. Chetty KG, Brown SE, Light RW. Identification of pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from routine chest radiographs. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982; 126(2):338-341.

331. Miller MR, Gorecka DM, Bishop JM. Radiological prediction of pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European Heart Journal. 1984; 5(7):581-587.

332. Oswald-Mammosser M, Oswald T, Nyankiye E et al. Non-invasive diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Comparison of ECG, radiological measurements, echocardiography and myocardial scintigraphy. European Journal of Respiratory Diseases. 1987; 71(5):419-429.

333. MacNee W. Pathophysiology of cor pulmonale in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Part One. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1994; 150(3):833-852.

334. Weitzenblum E, Zielinski J, Bishop JM. The diagnosis of "cor pulmonale" by non-invasive methods: a challenge for pulmonologists and cardiologists. Bulletin Europeen De Physiopathologie Respiratoire. 1983; 19(5):423-426.

335. Danchin N, Cornette A, Henriquez A et al. Two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of the right ventricle in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Chest. 1987; 92(2):229-233.

336. Starling MR, Crawford MH, Sorensen SG et al. A new two-dimensional echocardiographic technique for evaluating right ventricular size and performance in patients with obstructive lung disease. Circulation. 1982; 66(3):612-620.

337. Turnbull LW, Ridgway JP, Biernacki W et al. Assessment of the right ventricle by magnetic resonance imaging in chronic obstructive lung disease. Thorax. 1990; 45(8):597-601.

338. Altschule MD. Limited usefulness of the so-called ejection fraction measurement in clinical practice. Chest. 1986; 90(1):134-135.

339. MacNee W, Morgan AD, Wathen CG et al. Right ventricular performance during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The effects of oxygen. Respiration. 1985; 48(3):206-215.

340. Zielinski J, Hawrylkiewicz I, Gorecka D et al. Captopril effects on pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics in chronic cor pulmonale. Chest. 1986; 90(4):562-565.

341. Kiely DG, Cargill RI, Wheeldon NM et al. Haemodynamic and endocrine effects of type 1 angiotensin II receptor blockade in patients with hypoxaemic cor pulmonale. Cardiovascular Research. 1997; 33(1):201-208.

342. Saadjian AY, Philip-Joet FF, Vestri R et al. Long-term treatment of chronic obstructive lung disease by Nifedipine: an 18-month haemodynamic study. Eur Respir J. 1988; 1(8):716-720.

343. Johnson DC, Joshi RC, Mehta R et al. Acute and long term effect of nifedipine on pulmonary hypertension secondary to chronic obstructive airways disease. European Journal of Respiratory Diseases Supplement. 1986; 146:495-502.

344. Gould L, Zahir M, DeMartino A et al. Haemodynamic effects of phentolamine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. British Heart Journal. 1971; 33(4):445-450.

345. Van Mieghem W, De Backer G, De Wispelaere B et al. Phentolamine infusion in cor pulmonale due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Acta Cardiologica. 1978; 33(4):253-262.

346. Vik-Mo H, Walde N, Jentoft H et al. Improved haemodynamics but reduced arterial blood oxygenation, at rest and during exercise after long-term oral prazosin therapy in chronic cor pulmonale. European Heart Journal. 1985; 6(12):1047-1053.

347. Green LH, Smith TW. The use of digitalis in patients with pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med. 1977; 87(4):459-465.

348. Jezek V, Schrijen F. Haemodynamic effect of deslanoside at rest and during exercise in patients with chronic bronchitis. British Heart Journal. 1973; 35(1):2-8.

349. Brown SE, Pakron FJ, Milne N et al. Effects of digoxin on exercise capacity and right ventricular function during exercise in chronic airflow obstruction. Chest. 1984; 85(2):187-191.

350. British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Subcommittee on Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Pulmonary rehabilitation. Thorax. 2001; 56(11):827-834.

351. Ries AL, Carlin BW, Carrieri-Kohlman V et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation: joint ACCP/AACVPR evidence-based guidelines. Chest. 1997; 112(5):1363-1396.

352. Salman GF, Mosier MC, Beasley BW et al. Rehabilitation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Gen Intern Med. 2003; 18(3):213-221.

353. Toshima MT, Blumberg E, Ries AL et al. Does rehabilitation reduce depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 1992; 12(4):261-269.

354. Griffiths TLB. Results at 1 year of outpatient multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2000; 355(9201):362-368.

355. Lacasse Y, Brosseau L, Milne S et al. Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

356. Ries AL, Kaplan RM, Limberg TMK et al. Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on physiological and psychosocial outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary-disease. Ann Intern Med. 1995; 122(11):823-832.

357. Bestall JC, Paul EA, Garrod R et al. Longitudinal trends in exercise capacity and health status after pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. Respir Med. 2003; 97(2):173-180.

358. The Wessex Institute. Hospital based pulmonary rehabilitation programmes for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 1999.

359. Griffiths TL, Phillips CJ, Davies S et al. Cost effectiveness of an outpatient multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation programme. Thorax. 2001; 56(10):779-784.

360. Smith K, Cook D, Guyatt GH et al. Respiratory muscle training in chronic airflow limitation: a meta-analysis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992; 145(3):533-539.

361. Lotters F, van Tol B, Kwakkel G et al. Effects of controlled inspiratory muscle training in patients with COPD: a meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2002; 20(3):570-576.

362. Ortega F, Toral J, Cejudo P et al. Comparison of effects of strength and endurance training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2002; 166(5):669-674.

363. Puente-Maestu L, Sanz ML, Sanz P et al. Comparison of effects of supervised versus self-monitored training programmes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2000; 15(3):517-525.

364. Berry MJ, Rejeski WJ, Adair NE et al. A randomized, controlled trial comparing long-term and short-term exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 2003; 23(1):60-68.

365. Young P, Dewse M, Fergusson W et al. Respiratory rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Predictors of nonadherence. Eur Respir J. 1999; 13(4):855-859.

366. Foglio K, Bianchi L, Ambrosino N. Is it really useful to repeat outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation programs in patients with chronic airway obstruction? A 2-year controlled study. Chest. 2001; 119(6):1696-1704.

367. Puhan M, Scharplatz M, Troosters T et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009;(Scharplatz Madlaina):CD005305.

368. Eaton T, Young P, Fergusson W et al. Does early pulmonary rehabilitation reduce acute health-care utilization in COPD patients admitted with an exacerbation? A randomized controlled study. Respirology. 2009; 14(2):230-238.

369. Troosters T, Gosselink R, Decramer M. Short- and long-term effects of outpatient rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Am J Med. 2000; 109(3):207-212.

370. Behnke M, Jorres RA, Kirsten D et al. Clinical benefits of a combined hospital and home-based exercise programme over 18 months in patients with severe COPD. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2003; 59(1):44-51.

371. Behnke M, Taube C, Kirsten D et al. Home-based exercise is capable of preserving hospital-based improvements in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 2000; 94(12):1184-1191.

372. Kirsten DK, Taube C, Lehnigk B et al. Exercise training improves recovery in patients with COPD after an acute exacerbation. Respir Med. 1998; 92(10):1191-1198.

373. Nava S. Rehabilitation of patients admitted to a respiratory intensive care unit. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1998; 79(7):849-854.

374. Man WD, Polkey MI, Donaldson N et al. Community pulmonary rehabilitation after hospitalisation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: randomised controlled study. Br Med J. 2004; 329(7476):1209.

375. Murphy N, Bell C, Costello RW. Extending a home from hospital care programme for COPD exacerbations to include pulmonary rehabilitation. Respir Med. 2005; 99(10):1297-1302.

376. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Guidance on the use of zanamivir, amantadine and oseltamivir for the treatment of influenza. (NICE technology appraisal guidance- No.58)., 2003.

377. Poole PJ, Chacko E, Wood-Baker RWB et al. Influenza vaccine for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

378. Nichol KL, Baken L, Nelson A. Relation between influenza vaccination and outpatient visits, hospitalization, and mortality in elderly persons with chronic lung disease. Ann Intern Med. 1999; 130(5):397-403.

379. National Institute of Clinical Excellence. Guidance on the use of Zanamivir (Relenza) in the treatment of influenza. (NICE technology appraisal guidance- No.15). National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE), 2000.

380. Turner, D., Wailoo, A., Nicholson, K., Cooper, N., Sutton, A., Abrams, K., and NICE. Systematic review and economic decision modelling for the prevention and treatment of influenza A and B. University of Leciester; ScHARR at University of Sheffield: NICE, 28-4-2002.

381. Nichol KL, Baken L, Wuorenma J et al. The health and economic benefits associated with pneumococcal vaccination of elderly persons with chronic lung disease. Arch Intern Med. 1999; 159(20):2437-2442.

382. Nichol KL. The additive benefits of influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations during influenza seasons among elderly persons with chronic lung disease. Vaccine. 1999; 17 Suppl 1:S91-S93.

383. Leech JA, Gervais A, Ruben FL. Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1987; 136(4):361-365.

384. Tandon MK, Gebski V. A controlled trial of a killed Haemophilus influenzae vaccine for prevention of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Medicine. 1991; 21(4):427-432.

385. Hak E, Van Essen GA, Buskens E et al. Is immunising all patients with chronic lung disease in the community against influenza cost effective? Evidence from a general practice based clinical prospective cohort study in Utrecht, the Netherlands. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1998; 52(2):120-125.

386. Snider GL. Reduction pneumoplasty for giant bullous emphysema. Implications for surgical treatment of nonbullous emphysema. Chest. 1996; 109(2):540-548.

387. Stirling GR, Babidge WJ, Peacock MJ et al. Lung volume reduction surgery in emphysema: a systematic review. Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2001; 72(2):641-648.

388. Pompeo E, Marino M, Nofroni I et al. Reduction pneumoplasty versus respiratory rehabilitation in severe emphysema: a randomized study. Pulmonary Emphysema Research Group. Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2000; 70(3):948-953.

389. National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. A randomised trial comparing lung-volume-reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348(21):2059-2073.

390. Zenati M, Keenan RJ, Courcoulas AP et al. Lung volume reduction or lung transplantation for end-stage pulmonary emphysema? European Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery. 1998; 14(1):27-31.

391. Gaissert HA, Trulock EP, Cooper JD et al. Comparison of early functional results after volume reduction or lung transplantation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1996; 111(2):296-306.

392. Keller CA, Naunheim KS, Osterloh J et al. Hemodynamics and gas exchange after single lung transplantation and unilateral thoracoscopic lung reduction. Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. 1997; 16(2):199-208.

393. Hosenpud JD, Bennett LE, Keck BM et al. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: eighteenth Official Report-2001. Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. 2001; 20(8):805-815.

394. Cassivi SD, Meyers BF, Battafarano RJ et al. Thirteen-year experience in lung transplantation for emphysema. Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2002; 74(5):1663-1669.

395. American Thoracic Society, Aris R, Barbers RG et al. International guidelines for the selection of lung transplant candidates. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1998; 158:335-339.

396. Geddes D, Davies M, Koyama H et al. Effect of lung-volume-reduction surgery in patients with severe emphysema. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343(4):239-245.

397. National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Patients at high risk of death after lung-volume-reduction surgery. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345(15):1075-1083.

398. Trulock EP, III. Lung Transplantation for COPD. Chest. 1998; 113(Suppl 4):269S-276S.

399. Eriksson S. A 30-year perspective on alpha(1)-antitrypsin deficiency. Chest. 1996; 110(6):S237-S242.

400. Dirksen A, Dijkman JH, Madsen F et al. A randomized clinical trial of alpha1-antitrypsin augmentation therapy. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1999; 160(5 I):1468-1472.

401. The Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Registry Study Group. Survival and FEV1 decline in individuals with severe deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1998; 158:49-59.

402. Seersholm N, Wencker M, Banik N et al. Does alpha1-antitrypsin augmentation therapy slow the annual decline in FEV1 in patients with severe hereditary alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency? Wissenschaftliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft zur Therapie von Lungenerkrankungen (WATL) alpha1-AT study group. Eur Respir J. 1997; 10(10):2260-2263.

403. Hay JW, Robin ED. Cost-effectiveness of alpha-1 antitrypsin replacement therapy in treatment of congenital chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Public Health. 1991; 81(4):427-433.

404. Specialist Nurse Innovations for COPD Review. Barts and The London. 2003. http://www.smd.qmul.ac.uk/gp/copdreview/copdreview.html

405. Thomas M, McKinley RK, Freeman E et al. Breathing retraining for dysfunctional breathing in asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2003; 58(2):110-115.

406. Rivington-Law BA, Epstein SW, Thompson GL et al. Effect of chest wall vibrations on pulmonary function in chronic bronchitis. Chest. 1984; 85(3):378-381.

407. Kurabayashi H, Machida I, Tamura K et al. Breathing out into water during subtotal immersion: A therapy for chronic pulmonary emphysema. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2000; 79(2):150-153.

408. Mohsenifar Z, Rosenberg N, Goldberg HS et al. Mechanical vibration and conventional chest physiotherapy in outpatients with stable chronic obstructive lung disease. Chest. 1985; 87(4):483-485.

409. Olseni L, Midgren B, Hornblad Y et al. Chest physiotherapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Forced expiratory technique combined with either postural drainage or positive expiratory pressure breathing. Respir Med. 1994; 88(6):435-440.

410. Savci S, Ince DI, Arikan H. A comparison of autogenic drainage and the active cycle of breathing techniques in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 2000; 20(1):37-43.

411. Van Hengstum M, Festen J, Beurskens C et al. Effect of positive expiratory pressure mask physiotherapy (PEP) versus forced expiration technique (FET/PD) on regional lung clearance in chronic bronchitis. Eur Respir J. 1991; 4(6):651-654.

412. Kolaczkowski W, Taylor R, Hoffstein V. Improvement in oxygen saturation after chest physiotherapy in patients with emphysema. Physiotherapy Canada. 1989; 41(1):18-23.

413. Christensen EF, Nedergaard T, Dahl R. Long-term treatment of chronic bronchitis with positive expiratory pressure mask and chest physiotherapy. Chest. 1990; 97(3):645-650.

414. Casciari RJ, Fairshter RD, Harrison A. Effects of breathing retraining in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest. 1981; 79(4):393-398.

415. van Ede L, Yzermans CJ, Brouwer HJ. Prevalence of depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review. Thorax. 1999; 54(8):688-692.

416. Rose C, Wallace L, Dickson R et al. The most effective psychologically-based treatments to reduce anxiety and panic in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A systematic review. Patient Education & Counseling. 2002; 47(4):311-318.

417. Borson S, McDonald GJ, Gayle T et al. Improvement in mood, physical symptoms, and function with nortriptyline for depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary-disease. Psychosomatics. 1992; 33(2):190-201.

418. Kunik ME, Braun U, Stanley MA et al. One session cognitive behavioural therapy for elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Psychological Medicine. 2001; 31(4):717-723.

419. Man GC, Hsu K, Sproule BJ. Effect of alprazolam on exercise and dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest. 1986; 90(6):832-836.

420. Kozora E, Vu Tran Z, Make B. Neurobehavioral improvement after brief rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 2002; 22(6):426-430.

421. van Manen JG, Bindels PJ, Dekker FW et al. Risk of depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its determinants. Thorax. 2002; 57(5):412-416.

422. Yohannes AM, Roomi J, Baldwin RC et al. Depression in elderly outpatients with disabling chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Age & Ageing. 1998; 27(2):155-160.

423. Yohannes AM, Baldwin RC, Connolly MJ. Depression and anxiety in elderly outpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Prevalence, and validation of the BASDEC screening questionnaire. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2000; 15(12):1090-1096.

424. Lacasse Y, Rousseau L, Maltais F. Prevalence of depressive symptoms and depression in patients with severe oxygen-dependent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 2001; 21(2):80-86.

425. Crockett AJ, Cranston JM, Moss JR et al. The impact of anxiety, depression and living alone in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Qual Life Res. 2002; 11(4):309-316.

426. Dowson C, Laing R, Barraclough R et al. The use of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pilot study. New Zealand Medical Journal. 2001; 114(1141):447-449.

427. Withers NJ, Rudkin ST, White RJ. Anxiety and depression in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The effects of pulmonary rehabilitation. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 1999; 19(6):362-365.

428. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1983; 67(6):361-370.

429. Okubadejo AA, Paul EA, Jones PW et al. Does long-term oxygen therapy affect quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and severe hypoxaemia? Eur Respir J. 1996; 9(11):2335-2339.

430. Yohannes AM, Connolly MJ, Baldwin RC. A feasibility study of antidepressant drug therapy in depressed elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2001; 16(5):451-454.

431. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Depression in Adults with a Chronic Physical Health Problem: treatment and management ( final draft). (91). London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2009.

432. Schols AM, Wouters EF. Nutritional abnormalities and supplementation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clinics in Chest Medicine. 2000; 21(4):753-762.

433. Agusti AG. Systemic effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Novartis Foundation Symposium. 2001; 234:242-249.

434. Ferreira IM, Brooks D, Lacasse Y et al. Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

435. Otte KE, Ahlburg P, D'Amore F et al. Nutritional repletion in malnourished patients with emphysema. Journal of Parenteral & Enteral Nutrition. 1989; 13(2):152-156.

436. Slinde F, Gronberg AM, Engstrom CR et al. Individual dietary intervention in patients with COPD during multidisciplinary rehabilitation. Respir Med. 2002; 96(5):330-336.

437. Schols AMWJ, Mostert R, Soeters PB et al. Nutritional state and exercise performance in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Thorax. 1989; 44(11):937-941.

438. Baarends EM, Schols AM, Mostert R et al. Peak exercise response in relation to tissue depletion in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 1997; 10(12):2807-2813.

439. Engelen MP, Schols AM, Baken WC et al. Nutritional depletion in relation to respiratory and peripheral skeletal muscle function in out-patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 1994; 7(10):1793-1797.

440. Landbo C, Prescott E, Lange P et al. Prognostic value of nutritional status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1999; 160(6):1856-1861.

441. Marquis K, Debigare R, Lacasse Y et al. Midthigh muscle cross-sectional area is a better predictor of mortality than body mass index in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2002; 166(6):809-813.

442. Prescott E, Almdal T, Mikkelsen KL et al. Prognostic value of weight change in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Eur Respir J. 2002; 20(3):539-544.

443. Sahebjami H, Doers JT, Render ML et al. Anthropometric and pulmonary function test profiles of outpatients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med. 1993; 94(5):469-474.

444. Wilson DO, Rogers RM, Wright EC et al. Body weight in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The National Institutes of Health Intermittent Positive-Pressure Breathing Trial. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989; 139(6):1435-1438.

445. Gray-Donald K, Gibbons L, Shapiro SH et al. Effect of nutritional status on exercise performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989; 140(6):1544-1548.

446. Schols AMWJ, Soeters PB, Dingemans AMC et al. Prevalence and characteristics of nutritional depletion in patients with stable COPD eligible for pulmonary rehabilitation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993; 147(5):1151-1156.

447. Sahebjami H, Sathianpitayakul E. Influence of body weight on the severity of dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2000; 161(3 I):886-890.

448. Schols AMWJ, Slangen J, Volovics L et al. Weight loss is a reversible factor in the prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1998; 157(6):1791-1797.

449. Palange P, Forte S, Felli A et al. Nutritional state and exercise tolerance in patients with COPD. Chest. 1995; 107(5):1206-1212.

450. Rogers RM, Donahoe M, Costantino J. Physiologic effects of oral supplemental feeding in malnourished patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A randomized control study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992; 146(6):1511-1517.

451. Koplemann, P. G. and The members of the working party. Nutrition and patients a doctors responsibility. London: RCP, 2002.

452. Roberts CM, Lowe D, Bucknall CE et al. Clinical audit indicators of outcome following admission to hospital with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2002; 57(2):137-141.

453. Elkington H, White P, Higgs R et al. GPs' views of discussions of prognosis in severe COPD. Fam Pract. 2001; 18(4):440-444.

454. Sullivan KE, Hebert PC, Logan J et al. What do physicians tell patients with end-stage COPD about intubation and mechanical ventilation? Chest. 1996; 109(1):258-264.

455. Rhodes P. Focus on palliative care. Palliative care: the situation of people with chronic respiratory disease. British Journal of Community Nursing. 1999; 4(3):131-136.

456. Heffner JE, Fahy B, Hilling L et al. Attitudes regarding advance directives among patients in pulmonary rehabilitation. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1996; 154(6 Pt 1):1735-1740.

457. Jennings AL, Davies AN, Higgins JPT et al. Opioids for the palliation of breathlessness in terminal illness. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

458. Ramsdell JW, Henderson S, Renvall MJ et al. Effects of theophylline and ipratropium on cognition in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology. 1996; 76(4):335-340.

459. Hunt A. The elderly at home. A study of elderly people living in the community in England in 1976. London: OPCS; 1976.

460. Yohannes AM, Roomi J, Connolly MJ. Elderly people at home disabled by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Age & Ageing. 1998; 27(4):523-525.

461. Yohannes AM, Greenwood YA, Connolly MJ. Reliability of the Manchester respiratory activities of daily living questionnaire as a postal questionnaire. Age & Ageing. 2002; 31(5):355-358.

462. Yohannes AM, Roomi J, Winn S et al. The Manchester Respiratory Activities of Daily Living questionnaire: development, reliability, validity, and responsiveness to pulmonary rehabilitation. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2000; 48(11):1496-1500.

463. Garrod R, Bestall JC, Paul EA et al. Development and validation of a standardized measure of activity of daily living in patients with severe COPD: the London Chest Activity of Daily Living scale (LCADL). Respir Med. 2000; 94(6):589-596.

464. Garrod R, Paul EA, Wedzicha JA. An evaluation of the reliability and sensitivity of the London Chest Activity of Daily Living Scale (LCADL). Respir Med. 2002; 96(9):725-730.

465. Law M, Polatajko H, Pollock N et al. Pilot testing of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure: clinical and measurement issues. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. 1994; 61(4):191-197.

466. Sewell L, Singh SJ. The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure: Is it a reliable measure in clients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? British Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2001; 64(6):305-310.

467. British Thoracic Society. Managing passengers with respiratory disease planning air travel: British Thoracic Society recommendations. Thorax. 2002; 57(4):289-304.

468. Zaugg M, Kaplan V, Widmer U et al. Fatal air embolism in an airplane passenger with a giant intrapulmonary bronchogenic cyst. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1998; 157(5 Pt 1):1686-1689.

469. Sassi-Dambron DE, Eakin EG, Ries AL et al. Treatment of dyspnea in COPD. A controlled clinical trial of dyspnea management strategies. Chest. 1995; 107(3):724-729.

470. Howland J, Nelson EC, Barlow PB et al. Chronic obstructive airway disease. Impact of health education. Chest. 1986; 90(2):233-238.

471. Gallefoss F, Bakke PS, Rsgaard PK. Quality of life assessment after patient education in a randomized controlled study on asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1999; 159(3):812-817.

472. Gallefoss F, Bakke PS. How does patient education and self-management among asthmatics and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease affect medication? American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1999; 160(6):2000-2005.

473. Devine EC, Pearcy J. Meta-analysis of the effects of psychoeducational care in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Patient Education & Counseling. 1996; 29(2):167-178.

474. Monninkhof EM, van der Valk PDLPM, van der Palen J et al. Self-management education for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

475. Bourbeau J, Julien M, Maltais F et al. Reduction of hospital utilization in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - A disease-specific self- management intervention. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163(5):585-591.

476. Emery CF, Schein RL, Hauck ER et al. Psychological and cognitive outcomes of a randomized trial of exercise among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Health Psychology. 1998; 17(3):232-240.

477. Blake RL, Jr., Vandiver TA, Braun S et al. A randomized controlled evaluation of a psychosocial intervention in adults with chronic lung disease. Family Medicine. 1990; 22(5):365-370.

478. Littlejohns P, Baveystock CM, Parnell H et al. Randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of a respiratory health worker in reducing impairment, disability, and handicap due to chronic airflow limitation. Thorax. 1991; 46(8):559-564.

479. Cockcroft A, Bagnall P, Heslop A et al. Controlled trial of respiratory health worker visiting patients with chronic respiratory disability. Br Med J. 1987; 294(6566):225-228.

480. Solomon DK, Portner TS, Bass GE et al. Clinical and economic outcomes in the hypertension and COPD arms of a multicenter outcomes study. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 1998; 38(5):574-585.

481. Gourley GA, Portner TS, Gourley DR et al. Humanistic outcomes in the hypertension and COPD arms of a multicenter outcomes study. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 1998; 38(5):586-597.

482. Watson PB, Town GI, Holbrook N et al. Evaluation of a self-management plan for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 1997; 10(6):1267-1271.

483. Gallefoss F, Bakke PS. Impact of patient education and self-management on morbidity in asthmatics and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 2000; 94(3):279-287.

484. The Australian Lung Foundation. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Australian and New Zealand Management Guidelines. Lutwyche, 2002.

485. Extremes of age. The 1999 report of the national confidential enquiry into perioperative deaths. London: NCEPOD; 1999.

486. Appleberg M, Gordon L, Fatti LP. Preoperative pulmonary evaluation of surgical patients using the vitalograph. British Journal of Surgery. 1974; 61(1):57-59.

487. Kocabas A, Kara K, Ozgur G et al. Value of preoperative spirometry to predict postoperative pulmonary complications. Respir Med. 1996; 90(1):25-33.

488. Celli BR, Rodriguez KS, Snider GL. A controlled trial of intermittent positive pressure breathing, incentive spirometry, and deep breathing exercises in preventing pulmonary complications after abdominal surgery. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984; 130(1):12-15.

489. Saklad M. Grading of patients for surgical procedures. Anaesthesiology. 1941; 2(3):281-284.

490. Rodriguez-Roisin R. Toward a consensus definition for COPD exacerbations. Chest. 2000; 117(5):398S-401S.

491. Garcia-Aymerich J, Monso E, Marrades RM et al. Risk factors for hospitalization for a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation - EFRAM Study. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2001; 164(6):1002-1007.

492. Connors AF, Dawson NV, Thomas C et al. Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1996; 154(4):959-967.

493. Seemungal TAR, Donaldson GC, Bhowmik A et al. Time course and recovery of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2000; 161(5):1608-1613.

494. Donaldson GC, Seemungal TA, Bhowmik A et al. Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2002; 57(10):847-852.

495. Seemungal TAR, Donaldson GC, Paul EA et al. Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1998; 157(5):1418-1422.

496. Andersson F, Borg S, Jansson S-A et al. The costs of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Respir Med. 2002; 96(9):700-708.

497. Price MJ, Hurrell C. Health care costs of treating exacerbations of COPD. Eur Respir J. 1999; 14(380s)

498. Wedzicha JA. Exacerbations: etiology and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Chest. 2002; 121(Suppl 5):136S-141S.

499. Gravil JH, Al Rawas OA, Cotton MM et al. Home treatment of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by an acute respiratory assessment service. Lancet. 1998; 351(9119):1853-1855.

500. Killen J, Ellis H. Assisted discharge for patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: safe and effective. Thorax. 2000; 55(11):885.

501. Skwarska E, Cohen G, Skwarski KM et al. Randomised controlled trial of supported discharge in patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2000; 55(11):907-912.

502. Davies L, Wilkinson M, Bonner S et al. "Hospital at home" versus hospital care in patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: prospective randomised controlled trial. Br Med J. 2000; 321(7271):1265-1268.

503. Ojoo JC, Moon T, McGlone S et al. Patients' and carers' preferences in two models of care for acute exacerbations of COPD: results of a randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2002; 57(2):167-169.

504. Hernandez C, Casas A, Escarrabill J et al. Home hospitalisation of exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Eur Respir J. 2003; 21(1):58-67.

505. Fried TR, Van Doorn C, Tinetti ME et al. Older persons' preferences for site of treatment in acute illness. J Gen Intern Med. 1998; 13(8):522-527.

506. Fried TR, Van Doorn C, O'Leary JR et al. Older persons' preferences for home vs hospital care in the treatment of acute illness. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160(10):1501-1506.

507. Cotton MM, Bucknall CE, Dagg KD et al. Early discharge for patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2000; 55(11):902-906.

508. Shepperd S, Harwood D, Jenkinson C et al. Randomised controlled trial comparing hospital at home care with inpatient hospital care. I: three month follow up of health outcomes. Br Med J. 1998; (7147):1786-1791.

509. Turner MO, Patel A, Ginsburg S et al. Bronchodilator delivery in acute airflow obstruction: A meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 1997; 157(15):1736-1744.

510. McCrory, D. C., Brown, C., Gray, R. N., Goslin, R. E., MacIntyre, N. R., Kolimaga, J. T., Oddone, E. Z., and Matchar, D. Management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (256.). Rockville, MD, USA: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality., 2001.

511. Wood-Baker R, Walters EH, Gibson P. Oral corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

512. Singh JM, Palda VA, Stanbrook MB et al. Corticosteroid therapy for pts with acute exacerbations of COPD: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162(22):2527-2536.

513. Bullard MJ, Liaw SJ, Tsai YH et al. Early corticosteroid use in acute exacerbations of chronic airflow obstruction. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1996; 14(2):139-143.

514. Maltais F, Ostinelli J, Bourbeau J et al. Comparison of nebulized budesonide and oral prednisolone with placebo in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2002; 165(5):698-703.

515. Davies L, Angus RM, Calverley PMA. Oral corticosteroids in patients admitted to hospital with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1999; 354(9177):456-460.

516. Niewoehner DE, Erbland ML, Deupree RH et al. Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340(25):1941-1947.

517. Thompson WH, Nielson CP, Carvalho P et al. Controlled trial of oral prednisone in outpatients with acute COPD exacerbation. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1996; 154(2):407-412.

518. Albert RK, Martin TR, Lewis SW. Controlled clinical trial of methylprednisolone in patients with chronic bronchitis and acute respiratory insufficiency. Ann Intern Med. 1980; 92(6):753-758.

519. Stockley RA, O'Brien C, Pye A et al. Relationship of sputum color to nature and outpatient management of acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest. 2000; 117(6):1638-1645.

520. Community management of lower respiratory tract infection in adults. (SIGN publication No 59.)., 2002.

521. Saint S, Bent S, Vittinghoff E et al. Antibiotics in chronic obstructive pulmonary-disease exacerbations - a metaanalysis. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995; 273(12):957-960.

522. Nouira S, Marghli S, Belghith M et al. Once daily oral ofloxacin in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation requiring mechanical ventilation: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2001; 358(9298):2021-2025.

523. Sin DD, Tu JV. Outpatient antibiotic therapy and short term mortality in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Can Respir J. 2000; 7(6):466-471.

524. Allegra L, Blasi F, de Bernardi B et al. Antibiotic treatment and baseline severity of disease in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a re-evaluation of previously published data of a placebo-controlled randomized study. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001; 14:149-155.

525. Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CPW et al. Antibiotic-therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary-disease. Ann Intern Med. 1987; 106(2):196-204.

526. Elmes PC, King TK, Langlands JH et al. Value of ampicillin in the hospital treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Br Med J. 1965; 2(5467):904-908.

527. Berry DG, Fry J, Hindley CP. Exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: treatment with oxytetracycline. Lancet. 1960; 275(7116):137-139.

528. Davies BI, Maesen FP. Quinolones in chest infections. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1986; 18(3):296-299.

529. Morris S, Anderson P, Irwin DE. Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a pharmacoeconomic review of antibacterial use. Pharmacoeconomics. 2002; 20(3):153-168.

530. Backhouse R, Shakespeare A, Hutton J. Economic evaluation of alternative antibiotic regimens in the management of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. British Journal of Medical Economics. 1995; 8:1-25.

531. Torrance G, Walker V, Grossman R et al. Economic evaluation of ciprofloxacin compared with usual antibacterial care for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in patients followed for 1 year. Pharmacoeconomics. 1999; 16(5 Pt 1):499-520.

532. Lakshminarayan S, Sahn SA, Weil JV. Effect of aminophylline on ventilatory responses in normal man. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978; 117(1):33-38.

533. Sanders JS, Berman TM, Bartlett MM et al. Increased hypoxic ventilatory drive due to administration of aminophylline in normal men. Chest. 1980; 78(2):279-282.

534. Sharp JT. Theophylline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology. 1986; 78(Part 2):800-805.

535. Barr RG, Rowe BH, Camargo CA, Jr. Methylxanthines for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

536. Murata GH, Gorby MS, Chick TW et al. Aminophylline in the outpatient management of decompensated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest. 1990; 98(6):1346-1350.

537. Murciano D, Auclair MH, Pariente R et al. A randomized, controlled trial of theophylline in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary-disease. N Engl J Med. 1989; 320(23):1521-1525.

538. Barbera JA, Reyes A, Roca J et al. Effect of intravenously administered aminophylline on ventilation/perfusion inequality during recovery from exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992; 145(6):1328-1333.

539. Rice KL, Leatherman JW, Duane PG et al. Aminophylline for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1987; 107(3):305-309.

540. Seidenfeld JJ, Jones WN, Moss RE et al. Intravenous aminophylline in the treatment of acute bronchospastic exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1984; 13(4):248-252.

541. Wrenn K, Slovis CM, Murphy F et al. Aminophylline therapy for acute bronchospastic disease in the emergency room. Ann Intern Med. 1991; 115(4):241-247.

542. Ram FSF, Poole PJ, Bagg W et al. Randomised, controlled trial of theophylline for the treatment of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 161(Suppl); A489. 2000.

543. Greenstone M, Lasserson T. Doxapram for ventilatory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Library. 2003; (4)(4)

544. Bardsley PA, Tweney J, Morgan N et al. Oral almitrine in treatment of acute respiratory failure and cor pulmonale in patients with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive airways disease. Thorax. 1991; 46(7):493-498.

545. Moser K. Respiratory stimulation with intravenous doxapram in respiratory failure. A double blind co-operative study. N Engl J Med. 1973; 288(9):427-431.

546. Angus RM, Ahmed AA, Fenwick LJ et al. Comparison of the acute effects on gas exchange of nasal ventilation and doxapram in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1996; 51(10):1048-1050.

547. Edwards. A double blind trial of five respiratory stimulants in patients with acute ventialtion failure. Lancet. 1967; 2(7509):226-229.

548. Newman WJ, Banham SJ, Barr J et al. A randomised trial comparing non-invasive ventilation with the respiratory stimulant, doxapram, in the treament of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure complicating exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2001.

549. Murphy R, Driscoll P, O'Driscoll R. Emergency oxygen therapy for the COPD patient. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2001; 18(5):333-339.

550. Murphy R, Mackway-Jones K, Sammy I et al. Emergency oxygen therapy for the breathless patient. Guidelines prepared by the North West Oxygen Group. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2001; 18(6):421-423.

551. Hutchison DCS, Flenley DC, Donald KW. Controlled oxygen therapy in respiratory failure. Br Med J. 1964; 2(5417):1159-1166.

552. Bone RC, Pierce AK, Johnson RL, Jr. Controlled oxygen administration in acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a reappraisal. Am J Med. 1978; 65(6):896-902.

553. Agusti AG, Carrera M, Barbe F et al. Oxygen therapy during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 1999; 14(4):934-939.

554. King TK, Ali N, Briscoe WA. Treatment of hypoxia with 24 percent oxygen. A new approach to the interpretation of data collected in a pulmonary intensive care unit. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1973; 108(1):19-29.

555. Plant PK, Owen JL, Elliott MW. One year period prevalence study of respiratory acidosis in acute exacerbations of COPD: implications for the provision of non-invasive ventilation and oxygen administration. Thorax. 2000; 55(7):550-554.

556. DeGaute JP, Domenighetti G, Naeije R et al. Oxygen delivery in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Effects of controlled oxygen therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981; 124(1):26-30.

557. Smith JP, Stone RW, Muschenheim C. Acute respiratory failure in chronic lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1968; 97(5):791-803.

558. Eldridge F, Gherman C. Studies of oxygen administration in respiratory failure. Ann Intern Med. 1968; 68(3):569-578.

559. Prime FJ, Westlake EK. The respiratory response to CO2 in emphysema. Clinical Science. 1954; 13(3):321-332.

560. Aubier M, Murciano D, Milic-Emili J et al. Effects of the administration of O2 on ventilation and blood gases in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during acute respiratory failure. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1980; 122(5):747-754.

561. Fajac I, Texereau J, Rivoal V et al. Blood gas measurement during exercise: a comparative study between arterialized earlobe sampling and direct arterial puncture in adults. Eur Respir J. 1998; 11(3):712-715.

562. Dall'Ava-Santucci J, Dessanges JF, Dinh Xuan AT et al. Is arterialized earlobe blood PO2 an acceptable substitute for arterial blood PO2? Eur Respir J. 1996; 9(6):1329-1330.

563. Pitkin AD, Roberts CM, Wedzicha JA. Arterialised earlobe blood gas analysis: an underused technique. Thorax. 1994; 49(4):364-366.

564. Sauty A, Uldry C, Debetaz LF et al. Differences in PO2 and PCO2 between arterial and arterialized earlobe samples. Eur Respir J. 1996; 9(2):186-189.

565. Peter JV, Moran JL, Phillips-Hughes J et al. Noninvasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure--a meta-analysis update. Critical Care Medicine. 2002; 30(3):555-562.

566. Keenan SP, Kernerman PD, Cook DJ et al. Effect of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on mortality in patients admitted with acute respiratory failure: a meta-analysis. Critical Care Medicine. 1997; 25(10):1685-1692.

567. Ram FSF, Lightowler JVJ, Wedzicha JA. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

568. Thys F, Roeseler J, Reynaert M et al. Noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure: A prospective randomised placebo-controlled trial. Eur Respir J. 2002; 20(3):545-555.

569. Conti G, Antonelli M, Navalesi P. Noninvasive vs conventional mechanical ventilation in pts with COPD after failure of medical treatment in the ward; a randomised trial. Intensive Care Medicine. 2002; 28(12):1701-1707.

570. Keenan SP, Gregor J, Sibbald WJ et al. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the setting of severe, acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: more effective and less expensive. Critical Care Medicine. 2000; 28(6):2094-2102.

571. Plant PK, Owen JL, Parrott S et al. Cost effectiveness of ward based non-invasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: economic analysis of randomised controlled trial. Br Med J. 2003; 326(7396):956.

572. Seneff MG, Wagner DP, Wagner RP et al. Hospital and 1-year survival of patients admitted to intensive care units with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995; 274(23):1852-1857.

573. Esteban A, Anzueto A, Frutos F et al. Characteristics and outcomes in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a 28-day international study. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002; 287(3):345-355.

574. Rieves RD, Bass D, Carter RR et al. Severe COPD and acute respiratory failure. Correlates for survival at the time of tracheal intubation. Chest. 1993; 104(3):854-860.

575. Nevins ML, Epstein SK. Predictors of outcome for patients with COPD requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Chest. 2001; 119(6):1840-1849.

576. Nava S, Ambrosino N, Clini E et al. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation in the weaning of patients with respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 128(9):721-728.

577. Bellone A, Lascioli R, Raschi S et al. Chest physical therapy in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: Effectiveness of three methods. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2000; 81(5):558-560.

578. Newton DA, Bevans HG. Physiotherapy and intermittent positive-pressure ventilation of chronic bronchitis. Br Med J. 1978; 2(6151):1525-1528.

579. Bellone A, Spagnolatti L, Massobrio M et al. Short-term effects of expiration under positive pressure in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mild acidosis requiring non-invasive positive pressure ventilation. Intensive Care Medicine. 2002; 28(5):581-585.

580. Wollmer P, Ursing K, Midgren B et al. Inefficiency of chest percussion in the physical therapy of chronic bronchitis. European Journal of Respiratory Diseases. 1985; 66(4):233-239.

581. Brown PM, Manfreda J, McCarthy D et al. The effect of mechanical vibration in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD. Physiotherapy Canada. 1987; 39:371-374.

582. National COPD audit. Royal College of Physicians. 2003. http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/college/ceeu/ceeu_copd_home.htm.

583. Fletcher C, Peto R. The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction. Br Med J. 1977; 1(6077):1645-1648.

584. Harper R. Comparison of outcome measures for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in an outpaitent setting. Thorax. 1997; 52(10):879-887.

585. Netten, A. and Curtis, L. Unit costs of health and social care. The University of Kent: 2003.

586. Guest JF. The annual cost of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the UK's National Health Service. Disease Management and Health Outcomes. 1999; 5(2):2-100.

587. Sullivan SD, Ramsey SD, Lee TA. The economic burden of COPD. Chest. 2000; 117(Suppl 2):5S-9S.

588. Calverley P, Sondhi S. The burden of obstructive lung disease in the UK - COPD and asthma. Thorax. 1996.

589. NHS executive. Burdens of disease. A discussion document. 1996.

590. Gibson PG, Wlodarczyk JH, Wilson AJ et al. Severe exacerbation of chronic obstructive airways disease: health resource use in general practice and hospital. Journal of Quality in Clinical Practice. 1998; 18(2):125-133.

591. McGuire A, Irwin DE, Fenn P et al. The excess cost of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in patients aged 45 and older in England and Wales. Value in Health. 2001; 4(5):370-375.

592. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Information for National Collaborating Centres and Guideline Development Groups. (The Guideline Development Process Series No. 3.). London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2001.

593. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. SIGN 50 A guideline developers' handbook. 2001. http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/50/

594. Murphy, M. K., Black, N. A., Lamping, D. L., McKee, C. M., Sanderson, C. F., and Askham, J. et al. Consensus development methods, and their use in clinical guideline development. (Health Technology Assessment. Vol. 2.)., 1998.

595. Chapman, Arvidsson PC. The addition of salmeterol 50 mg bid to anticholinergic treatment in patients with COPD: A randomized, placebo controlled trial. Can Respir J. 2002; 9(3):178-185.

596. Auerbach D, Hill C, Baughman R et al. Routine nebulized ipratropium and albuterol together are better than either alone in COPD. Chest. 1997; 112(6):1514-1521.

597. Bone R, Boyars M, Braun SR et al. In chronic obstructive pulmonary-disease, a combination of ipratropium and albuterol is more effective than either agent alone - an 85-day multicenter trial. Chest. 1994; 105(5):1411-1419.

598. Gross N, Tashkin D, Miller R et al. Inhalation by nebulization of albuterol-ipratropium combination (Dey combination) is superior to either agent alone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration. 1998; 65(5):354-362.

599. D'Urzo AD, De Salvo MC, Ramirez-Rivera A et al. In patients with COPD, treatment with a combination of formoterol and ipratropium is more effective than a combination of salbutamol and ipratropium : a 3-week, randomized, double-blind, within-patient, multicenter study. Chest. 2001; 119(5):1347-1356.

600. Friedman M, Serby CW, Menjoge SS et al. Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of a combination of ipratropium plus albuterol compared with ipratropium alone and albuterol alone in COPD. Chest. 1999; 115(3):635-641.

601. Grandjean EM, Berthet P, Ruffmann R et al. Efficacy of oral long-term N-acetylcysteine in chronic bronchopulmonary disease: a meta-analysis of published double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Clin Ther. 2000; 22(2):209-221.

602. Stey C, Steurer J, Bachmann S et al. The effect of oral N-acetylcysteine in chronic bronchitis: A quantitative systematic review. Eur Respir J. 2000; 16(2):253-262.

603. Cattaneo C. Neltenexine tablets in smoking and non-smoking patients with COPD. A double-blind, randomised, controlled study versus placebo. Minerva Medica. 2001; 92(4):277-284.

604. Gerrits CMJM, Herings RMC, Leufkens HGM et al. N-acetylcysteine reduces the risk of re-hospitalisation among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2003; 21(5):795-798.

605. Poole PJ, Black PN. Oral mucolytic drugs for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review. Br Med J. 2001; 322(7297):1271-1274.

606. Petty TL. The national mucolytic study. Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of iodinated glycerol in chronic obstructive bronchitis. Chest. 1990; 97(1):75-83.

607. Immunisation against infectious disease ("The Green Book"). London: Department of Health; 1996.

608. DOH. Pneumococcal (draft replacement chapter). Immunisation Against Infectious Disease ("The Green Book"), London: Department of Health, 2003:

609. Department of Health. COPD prevalence in England - analysis of the 2001 Health Survey for England. 2009. Department of Health.

610. Celli BR, Thomas NE, Anderson JA et al. Effect of pharmacotherapy on rate of decline of lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the TORCH study. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2008; 178(4):332-338.

611. Ekberg-Aronsson M, Pehrsson K, Nilsson JA et al. Mortality in GOLD stages of COPD and its dependence on symptoms of chronic bronchitis. Respiratory Research. 2005; 6:98.

612. Office for National Statistics. Interim Life Tables England and Wales 2005-2007. http://www statistics gov uk/. 2009. Office for National Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Product.asp?vlnk=14459

613. Rutten-van Molken MP, Oostenbrink JB, Tashkin DP et al. Does quality of life of COPD patients as measured by the generic EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire differentiate between COPD severity stages? Chest. 2006; 130(4):1117-1128.

614. O'Reilly JF, Williams AE, Rice L. Health status impairment and costs associated with COPD exacerbation managed in hospital. Int J Clin Pract. 2007; 61(7):1112-1120.

615. Paterson C, Langan CE, McKaig GA et al. Assessing patient outcomes in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: the measure your medical outcome profile (MYMOP), medical outcomes study 6-item general health survey (MOS-6A) and EuroQol (EQ-5D). Qual Life Res. 2000; 9(5):521-527.

616. Spencer S, Jones PW, GLOBE Study Group. Time course of recovery of health status following an infective exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Thorax. 2003; 58(7):589-593.

617. Starkie HJ. Mapping the St George's respiratory questionnaire to utility values using the EQ5D. 08 Oct 20; 2008.

618. electronic Medicines Compendium. Spiriva 18 microgram inhalation powder, hard capsule. 2008. UK: Middlesex, Allen & Hanbury. http://emc.medicines.org.uk/medicine/10039/SPC/Spiriva+18+microgram+inhalation+powder%2c+hard+capsule/

619. electronic Medicines Compendium. Spiriva Respimat 2.5 micrograms solution for inhalation. 2009. UK: Middlesex, Allen & Hanbury. http://emc.medicines.org.uk/medicine/20134/SPC/Spiriva+Respimat+2.5+micrograms+solution+for+inhalation/

620. electronic Medicines Compendium. Symbicort Turbohaler 200/6 Inhalation powder. 2009. UK: Middlesex, Allen & Hanbury. http://emc.medicines.org.uk/medicine/4821/SPC/Symbicort+Turbohaler+200+6+Inhalation+powder/

621. electronic Medicines Compendium. Symbicort Turbohaler 400/12, Inhalation powder. 2009. UK: Middlesex, Allen & Hanbury. http://emc.medicines.org.uk/medicine/11882/SPC/Symbicort+Turbohaler+400+12%2c+Inhalation+powder./

622. compiled on behalf of the Department of Health by the NHS Business Services Authority NPS. National Health Service Drug Tariff for England and Wales. Available from: Presecription Pricing Division.

623. Department of Health. Prescription Cost Analysis 2007. 2009. UK, Department of Health. http://www.ic.nhs.uk/statistics-and-data-collections/primary-care/prescriptions/prescription-cost-analysis-2007

624. O'Reilly JF, Williams AE, Holt K et al. Defining COPD exacerbations: impact on estimation of incidence and burden in primary care. Primary Care Respiratory Journal. 2006; 15(6):346-353.

625. Department of Health. NHS Reference Costs 2007/8. Department of Health. Gateway reference 11485. 2009.

626. Royal College of Physicians, British Thoracic Society, and British Lung Foundation. Report 4 of the National Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Audit 2008: Patient Survey. London: Royal College of Physicians, 2008.

627. Curtis, L. Unit Costs of Health and Social Care. Personal Social Services Research Unit, 2008.

628. Lucioni C, Donner CF, De Benedetto F. I costi della broncopneumopatia cronica ostruttiva: la fase prospettica dello studio ICE (Italian Costs for Exacerbations in COPD). Pharmacoeconomics Italian research articles. 2005; 7:119-1134.

629. Donaldson GC, Seemungal TA, Patel IS et al. Longitudinal changes in the nature, severity and frequency of COPD exacerbations 6. Eur Respir J. 2003; 22(6):931-936.

630. NHS Information Centre. Health Survey for England Latest Trends 2007. The Information Centre for Health and Social Care. 2007. The Information Centre for Health and Social Care. www.ic.nhs.uk

631. Donaldson G, Seemungal TAR, Wilkinson TM et al. Exacerbation types by COPD severity: risk of hospitalisation by patients not seeking treatment. Eur Respir J. 2003; 22(Suppl 45):S353.

632. Izquierdo Alonso JL, de Miguel Diez J. Economic impact of pulmonary drugs on direct costs of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2004; 1(2):215-223.

633. Doll H, Miravitlles M. Health-related QOL in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review of the literature. Pharmacoeconomics. 2005; 23(4):345-363.

634. Spencer M, Briggs AH, Grossman RF et al. Development of an economic model to assess the cost-effectiveness of treatment interventions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pharmacoeconomics. 2005; 23(6):619-637.

635. Borg S, Ericsson A, Wedzicha J et al. A computer simulation model of the natural history and economic impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Value in Health. 2004; 7(2):153-167.

636. Andersson F, Borg S, Stahl E. The impact of exacerbations on the asthmatic patient's preference scores. J Asthma. 2003; 40(6):615-623.

637. Maniadakis N, Tzanakis N, Fragoulakis V et al. Economic evaluation of tiotropium and salmeterol in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Greece. Current Medical Research & Opinion. 2006; 22(8):1599-1607.

638. Sin DD, Golmohammadi K, Jacobs P. Cost-effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease according to disease severity. Am J Med. 2004; 116(5):325-331.

639. United States Congress Office of Technology Assessment. Evaluation of the Oregon Medicaid Proposal. (OTA-H-531). Washington,DC: US Government Printing Office, 1992.

640. Spencer S, Calverley PM, Sherwood Burge P et al. Health status deterioration in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2001; 163(1):122-128.

641. Pickard AS, Wilke C, Jung E et al. Use of a preference-based measure of health (EQ-5D) in COPD and asthma. Respir Med. 2008; 102(4):519-536.

642. Stahl E, Lindberg A, Jansson SA et al. Health-related quality of life is related to COPD disease severity. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005; 3:56.

643. Punekar YS, Rodriguez RR, Sculpher M et al. Implications of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on patients' health status: a western view. Respir Med. 2007; 101(3):661-669.

644. Sullivan PW, Lawrence WF, Ghushchyan V. A national catalog of preference-based scores for chronic conditions in the United States. Medical Care. 2005; 43(7):736-749.

645. Hazell M, Frank T, Frank P. Health related quality of life in individuals with asthma related symptoms. Respir Med. 2003; 97(11):1211-1218.

646. Stavem K. Reliability, validity and responsiveness of two multiattribute utility measures in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Qual Life Res. 1999; 8(1-2):45-54.

647. Polley L, Yaman N, Heaney L et al. Impact of cough across different chronic respiratory diseases: comparison of two cough-specific health-related quality of life questionnaires. Chest. 2008; 134(2):295-302.

648. Szende A, Leidy NK, Stahl E et al. Estimating health utilities in patients with asthma and COPD: evidence on the performance of EQ-5D and SF-6D. Qual Life Res. 2009; 18(2):267-272.

649. Johansson PM, Tillgren PE, Guldbrandsson KA et al. A model for cost-effectiveness analyses of smoking cessation interventions applied to a quit-and-win contest for mothers of small children. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2005; 33(5):343-352.

650. Brazier J, Roberts J, Tsuchiya A et al. A comparison of the EQ-5D and SF-6D across seven patient groups. Health Econ. 2004; 13(9):873-884.

651. Miravitlles M, Murio C, Guerrero T et al. Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and COPD. Chest. 2002; 121(5):1449-1455.

652. Price MJ, Hurrell C, Efthimiou J et al. Health care costs of treating exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eur Respir J. 1999; 14(Suppl 30):380s.

653. Miravitlles M, Murio C, Guerrero T et al. Costs of chronic bronchitis and COPD: a 1-year follow-up study. Chest. 2003; 123(3):784-791.

654. Tynan AJ, Lane SJ. COPD: illness severity, resource utilisation and cost. Irish Medical Journal. 2005; 98(2):41-45.

655. Jansson SA, Andersson F, Borg S et al. Costs of COPD in Sweden according to disease severity. Chest. 2002; 122(6):1994-2002.


СПИСОКЛіТЕРАТУРи, використаний в процесі адаптації клінічної настанови

 

1. Диагностика и лечение хронической обструктивной болезни легких (COPD). Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Jan 01, 2009 www.icsi.org

2. Клиническое руководство: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Australian and New Zealand Management Guidelines and the COPD Handbook. Version 1, November 2002. The Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand. The Australian Lung Foundation. copd@lungnet.com.au

3. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for management of outpatient chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2007

4. Клиническое руководство SIGN 59. Community Management of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Adults. A national clinical guideline. June 2002. www.sign.ac.uk

5. Seamark DA, Williams S, Timon S et al. Home or surgery based screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Primary Care Respiratory Journal. 2001; 10(2):30-33.

6. Department of Health. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Indicator set: Dataset and Business Rules: new GMS Contract QOF Implemenation. (version14.0). London: Department of Health, 1-5-2009.

7. Mannino DM, Gagnon RC, Petty TL et al. Obstructive lung disease and low lung function in adults in the United States: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160(11):1683-1689.

8. Fletcher CM, Elmes PC, Fairbairn MB et al. The significance of respiratory symptoms and the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis in a working population. Br Med J. 1959; 2(5147):257-266.

9. Nolan D, White P, Pearson MG. FEV-1 and PEF in COPD management. Thorax. 1999; 54(5):468-469.

10. Jones PW. Health status measurement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2001; 56(11):880-887.

11. Anthonisen NR, Wright EC, Hodgkin JE. Prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986; 133(1):14-20.

12. Burrows B. The course and prognosis of different types of chronic airflow limitation in a general population sample from Arizona: comparison with the Chicago "COPD" series. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989; 140(3 Pt 2):S92-S94.

13. Perez PR, Hallal PC, Vazquez GJ et al. Impact of bronchodilator use on the prevalence of COPD in population-based samples. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2007; 4(2):113-120.

14. Calverley PMA, Burge PS, Spencer S et al. Bronchodilator reversibility testing in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2003; 58(8):659-664.

15. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD (2007 update).:[1-109] Available from: http://www goldcopd com/.

16. Celli BR, MacNee W. Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper. Eur Respir J. 2004; 23(6):932-946.

17. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease- management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults in primary and secondary care. (CG12)., 2004.

18. COPD Guidelines Group of the Standards of Care Committee of the BTS. BTS guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1997; 52(Suppl 5):S1-28.

19. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD. 2001.

20. British Thoracic Society, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British Guideline on the management of asthma. Thorax. 2003; 58(Suppl 1):1-94.

21. Anthonisen NR, Wright EC. Bronchodilator response in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986; 133(5):814-819.

22. Nisar M, Walshaw M, Earis JE et al. Assessment of reversibility of airway obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. Thorax. 1990; 45(3):190-194.

23. Nisar M, Earis JE, Pearson MG et al. Acute bronchodilator trials in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992; 146(3):555-559.

24. Hadcroft J, Calverley PM. Alternative methods for assessing bronchodilator reversibility in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2001; 56(9):713-720.

25. Brand PL, Quanjer PH, Postma DS et al. Interpretation of bronchodilator response in patients with obstructive airways disease. The Dutch Chronic Non-Specific Lung Disease (CNSLD) Study Group. Thorax. 1992; 47(6):429-436.

26. Tweeddale PM, Alexander F, McHardy GJR. Short-term variability in fev1 and bronchodilator responsiveness in patients with obstructive ventilatory defects. Thorax. 1987; 42(7):487-490.

27. Fabbri LM, Romagnoli M, Corbetta L et al. Differences in airway inflammation in patients with fixed airflow obstruction due to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 167(3); 418-424. 2003.

28. Santus P, Pecchiari M, Carlucci P et al. Bronchodilation test in COPD: effect of inspiratory manoeuvre preceding forced expiration. Eur Respir J. 2003; 21(1):82-85.

29. Burge PS, Calverley PMA, Jones PW et al. Prednisolone response in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the ISOLDE study. Thorax. 2003; 58:1-5.

30. Celli BR, Cote CG, Lareau SC et al. Predictors of Survival in COPD: more than just the FEV1. Respir Med. 2008; 102 Suppl 1:S27-35, 2008 Jun.:S27-S35.

31. Fan VS, Curtis JR, Tu S et al. Using quality of life to predict hospitalization and mortality in patients with obstructive lung diseases. Chest. 2002; 122(2):429-436.

32. Almagro P, Calbo E, Ochoa de EA et al. Mortality after hospitalization for COPD. Chest. 2002; 121(5):1441-1448.

33. Chen H, Eisner MD, Katz PP et al. Measuring disease-specific quality of life in obstructive airway disease: validation of a modified version of the airways questionnaire 20. Chest. 2006; 129(6):1644-1652.

34. Yohannes AM, Baldwin RC, Connolly M. Mortality predictors in disabling chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in old age. Age & Ageing. 2002; 31(2):137-140.

35. Osman IM, Godden DJ, Friend JA et al. Quality of life and hospital re-admission in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1997; 52(1):67-71.

36. Ramsey SD, Sullivan SD. The burden of illness and economic evaluation for COPD. Eur Respir J. 2003; 21(41):29s-35s.

37. Oga T, Nishimura K, Tsukino M et al. Analysis of the factors related to mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: role of exercise capacity and health status. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2003; 167(4):544-549.

38. Singh S, Loke YK, Furberg CD et al. Inhaled anticholinergics and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2008; 300(12):1439-1450.

39. Antonelli-Incalzi R, Pedone C, Scarlata S et al. Correlates of mortality in elderly COPD patients: Focus on health-related quality of life. Respirology. 2009; 14(1):98-104.

40. Esteban C, Quintana JM, Aburto M et al. Predictors of mortality in patients with stable COPD. J Gen Intern Med. 2008; 23(11):1829-1834.

41. Oga T, Nishimura K, Tsukino M et al. Health status measured with the CRQ does not predict mortality in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2002; 20(5):1147-1151.

42. Gudmundsson G, Gislason T, Janson C et al. Risk factors for rehospitalisation in COPD: role of health status, anxiety and depression. Eur Respir J. 2005; 26(3):414-419.

43. Halpin DM, Peterson S, Larsson TP et al. Identifying COPD patients at increased risk of mortality: predictive value of clinical study baseline data. Respir Med. 2008; 102(11):1615-1624.

44. Briggs A, Spencer M, Wang H et al. Development and validation of a prognostic index for health outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med. 2008; 168(1):71-79.

45. Ong KC, Earnest A, Lu SJ. A multidimensional grading system (BODE index) as predictor of hospitalization for COPD. Chest. 2005; 128(6):3810-3816.

46. Esteban C, Quintana JM, Aburto M et al. A simple score for assessing stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. 2006; 99(11):751-759.

47. Casanova C, Cote C, de Torres JP et al. Inspiratory-to-total lung capacity ratio predicts mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2005; 171(6):591-597.

48. de Torres JP, Pinto Plata V., Casanova C et al. C-reactive protein levels and survival in patients with moderate to very severe COPD.[see comment]. Chest. 2008; 133(6):1336-1343.

49. Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Casanova C et al. Prediction of risk of COPD exacerbations by the BODE index. Respir Med. 2009; 103(3):373-378.

50. Bridevaux PO, Gerbase MW, Probst HN et al. Long-term decline in lung function, utilisation of care and quality of life in modified GOLD stage 1 COPD. Thorax. 2008; 63(9):768-774.

51. Freeman D. COPD prevalence in asymptomatic smokers - The first 100. Primary Care Respiratory Journal. 2000; 9:41.

52. van Schayck CP, Loozen JM, Wagena E et al. Detecting patients at a high risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in general practice: cross sectional case finding study. Br Med J. 2002; 324(7350):1370-1374.

53. Humerfelt S, Eide G, Aaro L et al. Effectiveness of postal smoking cessation advice: a randomised controlled trial in young men with reduced FEV1 and asbestos exposure. Eur Respir J. 1998; 11:284-290.

54. Risser NL, Belcher DW. Adding spirometry, carbon-monoxide, and pulmonary symptom results to smoking cessation counseling - a randomized trial. J Gen Intern Med. 1990; 5(1):16-22.

55. Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Kiley JP et al. Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1. The Lung Health Study. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994; 272(19):1497-1505.

56. Tashkin D, D., Kanner et al. Smoking cessation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet. 2001; 357(9268):1571-1575.

57. Scanlon PD, Connett JE, Waller LA et al. Smoking cessation and lung function in mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - The Lung Health Study. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2000; 161(2):381-390.

58. Kanner RE, Connett JE, Williams DE et al. Effects of randomized assignment to a smoking cessation intervention and changes in smoking habits on respiratory symptoms in smokers with early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the Lung Health Study. Am J Med. 1999; 106:410-416.

59. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Smoking cessation services: guidance. (PH 10). London: UK: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2008.

60. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Varenicline for smoking cessation. (TA123)., 2007.

61. Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Calverley PM et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Workshop summary. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2001; 163(5):1256-1276.

62. Corris PA, Neville E, Nariman S et al. Dose-response study of inhaled salbutamol powder in chronic air-flow obstruction. Thorax. 1983; 38(4):292-296.

63. Teale C, Morrison JFJ, Page RL et al. Dose-response to inhaled salbutamol in chronic obstructive airways disease. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1991; 67(790):754-756.

64. Sestini P, Renzoni E, Robinson S et al. Short-acting beta 2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

65. Guyatt GH, Townsend M, Pugsley SO et al. Bronchodilators in chronic air-flow limitation. Effects of airway function, exercise capacity, and quality of life. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987; 135(5):1069-1074.

66. Cook D, Guyatt G, Wong E et al. Regular versus as-needed short-acting inhaled beta-agonist therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2001; 163(1):85-90.

67. Rennard SI, Anderson W, Zu Wallack R et al. Use of a long-acting inhaled beta(2)-adrenergic agonist, salmeterol xinafoate, in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2001; 163(5):1087-1092.

68. Dahl R, Greefhorst LAPM, Nowak D et al. Inhaled formoterol dry powder versus ipratropium bromide in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2001; 164(5):778-784.

69. Mahler DA, Donohue JF, Barbee RA et al. Efficacy of salmeterol xinafoate in the treatment of COPD. Chest. 1999; 115(4):957-965.

70. Appleton S, Smith B, Veale A et al. Long-acting beta2-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

71. Jones PW, Bosh TK. Quality of life changes in COPD patients treated with salmeterol. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1997; 155(4):1283-1289.

72. Aalbers R, Ayres J, Backer V et al. Formoterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized, controlled, 3-month trial. Eur Respir J. 2002; 19(5):936-943.

73. Rossi A, Kristufek P, Levine BE et al. Comparison of the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of formoterol dry powder and oral, slow-release theophylline in the treatment of COPD. Chest. 2002; 121(4):1058-1069.

74. Brusasco V, Hodder R, Miravitlles M et al. Health outcomes following treatment for six months with once daily tiotropium compared with twice daily salmeterol in patients with COPD. Thorax. 2003; 58:399-404.

75. Casaburi R, Briggs DD, Donohue JF et al. The spirometric efficacy of once-daily dosing with tiotropium in stable COPD - A 13-week multicenter trial. Chest. 2000; 118(5):1294-1302.

76. Casaburi R, Mahler DA, Jones PW et al. A long-term evaluation of once-daily inhaled tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2002; 19(2):217.

77. Vincken W, van Noord JA, Greefhorst APM et al. Improved health outcomes in patients with COPD during 1 yr's treatment with tiotropium. Eur Respir J. 2002; 19(2):209-216.

78. Keatings VM, Jatakanon A, Worsdell YM et al. Effects of inhaled and oral glucocorticoids on inflammatory indices in asthma and COPD. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1997; 155(2):542-548.

79. Hattotuwa KL, Gizycki MJ, Ansari TW et al. The effects of inhaled fluticasone on airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled biopsy study. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2002; 165(12):1592-1596.

80. Alsaeedi A, Sin DD, McAlister FA. The effects of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Am J Med. 2002; 113(1):59-65.

81. Burge PS, Calverley PMA, Jones PW et al. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the ISOLDE trial. Br Med J. 2000; 320(7245):1297-1303.

82. The Lung Health Study Research Group, Altose MD, Redline S et al. Effect of inhaled triamcinolone on the decline in pulmonary function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343(26):1902-1909.

83. Pauwels RA, Lofdahl CG, Laitinen LA et al. Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340(25):1948-1953.

84. Jones PW, Willits LR, Burge PS et al. Disease severity and the effect of fluticasone propionate on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Eur Respir J. 2003; 21(1):68-73.

85. Sin DD, Tu JV. Inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of mortality and readmission in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2001; 164:580-584.

86. Peperell K, Rudolf M, Pearson M et al. General practitioner prescribing habits in asthma/COPD. Asthma in General Practice. 1997; 5(2):29-30.

87. Britton M. The burden of COPD in the U.K.: results from the Confronting COPD survey. Respir Med. 2003; 97(Suppl C):S71-S79.

88. Dragonetti ME, Groth ML. Inhaled cortiocsteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Are they cost-effect? Clinical Pulmonary Medicine. 2000; 7

89. Calverley PM, Anderson JA, Celli B et al. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356(8):775-789.

90. Vogelmeier C, Kardos P, Harari S et al. Formoterol mono- and combination therapy with tiotropium in patients with COPD: a 6-month study. Respir Med. 2008; 102(11):1511-1520.

91. Aaron S, Vandemheen K, Fergusson D et al. Tiotropium in combination with placebo, salmeterol, or fluticasone-salmeterol for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007; 146(8):545-555.

92. Ram FSF, Brocklebank DM, Muers M et al. Pressurised metered-dose inhalers versus all other hand-held inhalers devices to deliver bronchodilators for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

93. Formgren H, Sjokvist A, Stahl E et al. Terbutaline in COPD comparison between Turbuhaler and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) inhaler. Lung. 1994; 172(5):271-280.

94. Iacono P, Velicitat P, Guemas E et al. Improved delivery of ipratropium bromide using Respimat (a new soft mist inhaler) compared with a conventional metered dose inhaler: cumulative dose response study in patients with COPD. Respir Med. 2000; 94(5):490-495.

95. Taylor J, Kotch A, Rice K et al. Ipratropium bromide hydrofluoroalkane inhalation aerosol is safe and effective in patients with COPD. Chest. 2001; 120(4):1253-1261.

96. Cuvelier A, Muir J, Benhamou D et al. Dry powder ipratropium bromide is as safe and effective as metered-dose inhaler formulation: a cumulative dose-response study in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Respir Care. 2002; 47(2):159-166.

97.  Eiser N, Angus K, McHale S. The role of domiciliary nebulizers in managing patients with severe COPD. Respir Med. 2001; 95(4):265-274.

98. Callahan CM, Dittus RS, Katz BP. Oral corticosteroid therapy for patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1991; 114(3):216-223.

99. Royal College of Physicians. Osteoporosis. Clinical guidelines for prevention and treatment. 1999.

100. Vassallo R, Lipsky JJ. Theophylline: recent advances in the understanding o fits mode of action and uses in clinical practice. Mayo Clin Proc. 1998; 73(4):346-354.

101. Murciano D, Aubier M, Lecocguic Y et al. Effects of theophylline on diaphragmatic strength and fatigue in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 1984; 311(6):349-353.

102. Ziment I. Theophylline and mucociliary clearance. Chest. 1987; 92(Suppl 1):38S-43S.

103. Upton RA. Pharmacokinetic interactions between theophylline and other medication. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 1991; 20(Part 1):66-80.

104. Ram FSF, Jones PW, Castro AA et al. Oral theophylline for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

105. Fink G, Kaye C, Sulkes J et al. Effect of theophylline on exercise performance in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1994; 49(4):332-334.

106. Newman D, Tamir J, Speedy L et al. Physiological and neuropsychological effects of theophylline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences. 1994; 30(11):811-816.

107. Alexander MR, Dull WL, Kasik JE. Treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with orally administered theophylline. A double-blind, controlled study. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1980; 244(20):2286-2290.

108. Mulloy E, McNicholas WT. Theophylline improves gas exchange during rest, exercise, and sleep in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993; 148(4):1030-1036.

109. Zu Walalck RL, Mahler DA, Reilly D et al. Salmeterol plus theophylline combination therapy in the treatment of COPD. Chest. 2001; 119(6):1661-1670.

110. Bellia V, Foresi A, Bianco S et al. Efficacy and safety of oxitropium bromide, theophylline and their combination in COPD patients: a double-blind, randomized, multicentre study (BREATH Trial). Respir Med. 2002; 96(11):881-889.

111. Renwick DS, Connolly MJ. Prevalence and treatment of chronic airways obstruction in adults over the age of 45. Thorax. 51(2); 164-168. 1996.

112. Bachh AA, Shah NN, Bhargava R et al. Effect of oral N-acetylcysteine in COPD - A randomised controlled trial. JK Practitioner. 2007; 14(1):12-16.

113. Zheng JP, Kang J, Huang SG et al. Effect of carbocisteine on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PEACE Study): a randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2008; 371(9629):2013-2018.

114. Poole PJ, Black PN. Mucolytic agents for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

115.  MacNee W. Oxidants/antioxidants and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: pathogenesis to therapy. Novartis Foundation Symposium. 2001; 234:169-185.

116. Rahman I, MacNee W. Regulation of redox glutathione levels and gene transcription in lung inflammation: therapeutic approaches. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2000; 28(9):1405-1420.

117. Rautalahti M, Virtamo J, Haukka J et al. The effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on COPD symptoms. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1997; 156(5):1447-1452.

118.  Aversa C, Cazzola M, Clini V et al. Clinical trial of the efficacy and safety of moguisteine in patients with cough associated with chronic respiratory diseases. Drugs Under Experimental & Clinical Research. 1993; 19(6):273-279.

119. Barnabe R, Berni F, Clini V et al. The efficacy and safety of moguisteine in comparison with codeine phosphate in patients with chronic cough. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1995; 50(2):93-97.

120. Del Donno M, Aversa C, Corsico R et al. Efficacy and safety of moguisteine in comparison with dextromethorphan in patients with persistent cough. Drug Investigation. 1994; 7(2):93-100.

121. Sergysels R, Art G. A double-masked, placebo-controlled polysomnographic study of the antitussive effects of helicidine. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical & Experimental. 2001; 62(1):35-47.

122. Wojcicki J, Szwed G, Drozdowska KD. The antitussive and expectorant drug Duopect evaluated by the preferential test. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis. 1976; 24(4):549-552.

123. Staykova T, Black P, Chacko E et al. Prophyactic antibiotic therapy for chronic bronchitis. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

124. Francis R. Chemotherapy in chronic bronchitis. Influence of daily penicillin and tetracycline on exacerbations and their cost. Br Med J. 1960; 1(5169):297-303.

125. Gosling WRO, Djajadinigrat RJ, Bergstein PGM et al. Continuous suppressive antimicrobial treament in chronic infected bronchitis during the winter months. Diseases of the Chest. (376); 380. 1967.

126. Johnston RN, Lockhart W, Smith DH et al. A trial of phenethicillin in chronic bronchitis. Br Med J. 1961; 2(5258):985-986.

127. Johnston RN, McNeill RS, Smith DH et al. Five-year winter chemoprophylaxis for chronic bronchitis. Br Med J. 1969; 4(678):265-269.

128. Liippo K, Pelliniemi TT, Lehto H. Trimethoprim prophylaxis of acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Acta Medica Scandinavica. 1987; 221(5):455-459.

129. Moyes EN, Kershaw RA. Long-continued treatment with tetracycline and prednisolone in chronic bronchitis. Lancet. 270(7007); 1187-1191. 1957.

130. Murdoch JM, Leckie WJH, Downie J et al. An evaluation of continuous antibiotic therapy in chronic bronchitis. British Medical Journal. 2(5162); 1277-1285. 1959.

131. Pridie R. A trial of continuous winter chemotherapy in chronic bronchitis. Lancet. 1960; 2(7153):723-727.

132. Working Party of the Medical Research Council. Value of chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy in early chronic bronchitis. A report to the Medical Reserach Council by their Working Party on Trials of Chemotherapy in Early Chronic Bronchitis. British Medical Journal. 1(5499); 1317-1322. 1966.

133. Hahn HH, MacGregor RR, Avent CK et al. Ampicillin and tetracycline in the treatment and prophylaxis of chronic bronchitis. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy. 1972; 2(1):45-48.

134. Grob PR, White E, Gargan R et al. The use of erythromycin as prophylaxis in chronic bronchitis: a cohort study from general practice. Journal of International Medical Research. 1980; 8(Suppl):50.

135. Pugh DL, Holland EE. Chemoprophylaxis in chronic bronchitis. Antiseptic. 1974; 71:261-267.

136. McVay L. Antibiotic prophylaxis in chronic respiratory diseases. Arch Intern Med. 1953; 92(6):833-846.

137. Buchanan J. Long-term prophylactic administration of tetracycline to chronic bronchitics. Lancet. 1958; 2(7049):719-723.

138. Cherniack N. Long-term treatment of bronchiectasis and chronic bronchitis. Arch Intern Med. 1959; 103(March 1959):345-353.

139. Francis R. Chemotherapy of bronchitis. Influence of penicillin and tetracycline administered daily, or intermittently for exacerbations. Br Med J. 1961; 2(5258):979-985.

140. Cooper J, Inman J, Currie W. Prophylactic treatment of chronic bronchitis comparing cotrimoxazole and amoxycillin. British Journal of Clinical Practice. 1975; 29(11):307-310.

141.  Medical Research Council Working Party, Flenley DC. Long term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Lancet. 1981; 1(8222):681-686.

142. Timms RM, Khaja FU, Williams GW. Hemodynamic response to oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med. 1985; 102(1):29-36.

143. MacNee W, Morgan AD, Wathen CG et al. Right ventricular performance during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The effects of oxygen. Respiration. 1985; 48(3):206-215.

144.  Saadjian AY, Philip-Joet FF, Vestri R et al. Long-term treatment of chronic obstructive lung disease by Nifedipine: an 18-month haemodynamic study. Eur Respir J. 1988; 1(8):716-720.

145. Johnson DC, Joshi RC, Mehta R et al. Acute and long term effect of nifedipine on pulmonary hypertension secondary to chronic obstructive airways disease. European Journal of Respiratory Diseases Supplement. 1986; 146:495-502.

146. Gould L, Zahir M, DeMartino A et al. Haemodynamic effects of phentolamine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. British Heart Journal. 1971; 33(4):445-450.

147. Van Mieghem W, De Backer G, De Wispelaere B et al. Phentolamine infusion in cor pulmonale due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Acta Cardiologica. 1978; 33(4):253-262.

148. Vik-Mo H, Walde N, Jentoft H et al. Improved haemodynamics but reduced arterial blood oxygenation, at rest and during exercise after long-term oral prazosin therapy in chronic cor pulmonale. European Heart Journal. 1985; 6(12):1047-1053.

149. Green LH, Smith TW. The use of digitalis in patients with pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med. 1977; 87(4):459-465.

150. Jezek V, Schrijen F. Haemodynamic effect of deslanoside at rest and during exercise in patients with chronic bronchitis. British Heart Journal. 1973; 35(1):2-8.

151. Brown SE, Pakron FJ, Milne N et al. Effects of digoxin on exercise capacity and right ventricular function during exercise in chronic airflow obstruction. Chest. 1984; 85(2):187-191.

152. British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Subcommittee on Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Pulmonary rehabilitation. Thorax. 2001; 56(11):827-834.

153. Ries AL, Carlin BW, Carrieri-Kohlman V et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation: joint ACCP/AACVPR evidence-based guidelines. Chest. 1997; 112(5):1363-1396.

154. Griffiths TLB. Results at 1 year of outpatient multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2000; 355(9201):362-368.

155.  Behnke M, Jorres RA, Kirsten D et al. Clinical benefits of a combined hospital and home-based exercise programme over 18 months in patients with severe COPD. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2003; 59(1):44-51.

156. Behnke M, Taube C, Kirsten D et al. Home-based exercise is capable of preserving hospital-based improvements in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 2000; 94(12):1184-1191.

157. Kirsten DK, Taube C, Lehnigk B et al. Exercise training improves recovery in patients with COPD after an acute exacerbation. Respir Med. 1998; 92(10):1191-1198.

158. Nava S. Rehabilitation of patients admitted to a respiratory intensive care unit. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1998; 79(7):849-854.

159. Man WD, Polkey MI, Donaldson N et al. Community pulmonary rehabilitation after hospitalisation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: randomised controlled study. Br Med J. 2004; 329(7476):1209.

160. Murphy N, Bell C, Costello RW. Extending a home from hospital care programme for COPD exacerbations to include pulmonary rehabilitation. Respir Med. 2005; 99(10):1297-1302.

161. Eaton T, Young P, Fergusson W et al. Does early pulmonary rehabilitation reduce acute health-care utilization in COPD patients admitted with an exacerbation? A randomized controlled study. Respirology. 2009; 14(2):230-238.

162. Dirksen A, Dijkman JH, Madsen F et al. A randomized clinical trial of alpha1-antitrypsin augmentation therapy. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1999; 160(5 I):1468-1472.

163. The Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Registry Study Group. Survival and FEV1 decline in individuals with severe deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1998; 158:49-59.

164. Seersholm N, Wencker M, Banik N et al. Does alpha1-antitrypsin augmentation therapy slow the annual decline in FEV1 in patients with severe hereditary alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency? Wissenschaftliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft zur Therapie von Lungenerkrankungen (WATL) alpha1-AT study group. Eur Respir J. 1997; 10(10):2260-2263.

165. British Thoracic Society. Managing passengers with respiratory disease planning air travel: British Thoracic Society recommendations. Thorax. 2002; 57(4):289-304.

166.  The Australian Lung Foundation. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Australian and New Zealand Management Guidelines. Lutwyche, 2002.

167.  Extremes of age. The 1999 report of the national confidential enquiry into perioperative deaths. London: NCEPOD; 1999.

168.  Appleberg M, Gordon L, Fatti LP. Preoperative pulmonary evaluation of surgical patients using the vitalograph. British Journal of Surgery. 1974; 61(1):57-59.

169. Kocabas A, Kara K, Ozgur G et al. Value of preoperative spirometry to predict postoperative pulmonary complications. Respir Med. 1996; 90(1):25-33.

170. Celli BR, Rodriguez KS, Snider GL. A controlled trial of intermittent positive pressure breathing, incentive spirometry, and deep breathing exercises in preventing pulmonary complications after abdominal surgery. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984; 130(1):12-15.

171. Saklad M. Grading of patients for surgical procedures. Anaesthesiology. 1941; 2(3):281-284.

172. Wedzicha JA. Exacerbations: etiology and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Chest. 2002; 121(Suppl 5):136S-141S.

173. Gravil JH, Al Rawas OA, Cotton MM et al. Home treatment of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by an acute respiratory assessment service. Lancet. 1998; 351(9119):1853-1855.

174. Killen J, Ellis H. Assisted discharge for patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: safe and effective. Thorax. 2000; 55(11):885.

175. Skwarska E, Cohen G, Skwarski KM et al. Randomised controlled trial of supported discharge in patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2000; 55(11):907-912.

176. Davies L, Wilkinson M, Bonner S et al. "Hospital at home" versus hospital care in patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: prospective randomised controlled trial. Br Med J. 2000; 321(7271):1265-1268.

177. Ojoo JC, Moon T, McGlone S et al. Patients' and carers' preferences in two models of care for acute exacerbations of COPD: results of a randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2002; 57(2):167-169.

178. Hernandez C, Casas A, Escarrabill J et al. Home hospitalisation of exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Eur Respir J. 2003; 21(1):58-67.

179. O'Driscoll BR. Nebulisers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1997; 52(Suppl 2):S49-S52.

180. Boe J, Dennis JH, O'Driscoll BR et al. European Respiratory Society Guidelines on the use of nebulizers. Eur Respir J. 2001; 18(1):228-242.

181. McCrory, D. C., Brown, C., Gray, R. N., Goslin, R. E., MacIntyre, N. R., Kolimaga, J. T., Oddone, E. Z., and Matchar, D. Management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (256.). Rockville, MD, USA: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality., 2001.

182. Wood-Baker R, Walters EH, Gibson P. Oral corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

183. Singh JM, Palda VA, Stanbrook MB et al. Corticosteroid therapy for pts with acute exacerbations of COPD: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162(22):2527-2536.

184. Maltais F, Ostinelli J, Bourbeau J et al. Comparison of nebulized budesonide and oral prednisolone with placebo in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2002; 165(5):698-703.

185. Davies L, Angus RM, Calverley PMA. Oral corticosteroids in patients admitted to hospital with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1999; 354(9177):456-460.

186. Niewoehner DE, Erbland ML, Deupree RH et al. Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340(25):1941-1947.

187. Thompson WH, Nielson CP, Carvalho P et al. Controlled trial of oral prednisone in outpatients with acute COPD exacerbation. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 1996; 154(2):407-412.

188. Albert RK, Martin TR, Lewis SW. Controlled clinical trial of methylprednisolone in patients with chronic bronchitis and acute respiratory insufficiency. Ann Intern Med. 1980; 92(6):753-758.

189.  Peter JV, Moran JL, Phillips-Hughes J et al. Noninvasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure--a meta-analysis update. Critical Care Medicine. 2002; 30(3):555-562.

190. Keenan SP, Kernerman PD, Cook DJ et al. Effect of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on mortality in patients admitted with acute respiratory failure: a meta-analysis. Critical Care Medicine. 1997; 25(10):1685-1692.

191. Ram FSF, Lightowler JVJ, Wedzicha JA. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Cochrane Library. 2003; Issue 3(3)

192. Esteban A, Anzueto A, Frutos F et al. Characteristics and outcomes in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a 28-day international study. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002; 287(3):345-355.

193. Nava S, Ambrosino N, Clini E et al. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation in the weaning of patients with respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 128(9):721-728.

194. Наказ від 27.07.1998 № 226 Про затвердження Тимчасових галузевих уніфікованих стандартів медичних технологій діагностично-лікувального процесу стаціонарної допомоги дорослому населенню в лікувально-профілактичних закладах України та Тимчасових стандартів обсягів діагностичних досліджень, лікувальних заходів та критерії якості лікування дітей.

195. Наказ від 10.01.2005 № 7 Про затвердження стандартів надання медичної допомоги за спеціальністю «Професійна патологія» в амбулаторно-поліклінічних закладах.

196. Наказ від 13.01.2005 № 18 Про затвердження протоколів надання медичної допомоги дітям за спеціальністю “Дитяча пульмонологія”.

197. Наказ від 03.07.2006 № 433 Про затвердження протоколів надання медичної допомоги за спеціальністю "Пульмонологія".

198. Наказ від 19.03.2007 № 128 Про затвердження клінічних протоколів надання медичної допомоги за спеціальністю "Пульмонологія".

199. Наказ від 06.02.2008 № 56 Про затвердження клінічних протоколів санаторно-курортного лікування в санаторно-курортних закладах (крім туберкульозного профілю) для дорослого населення

200. Наказ від 07.02.2008 № 57 Про затвердження державних соціальних нормативів у сфері реабілітації інвалідів Державні соціальні нормативи у сфері реабілітації інвалідів за лікарською спеціальністю “Пульмонологія“

201. Адаптированные клинические рекомендации: Хронические обструктивные заболевания легких, проэкт. Украина, 2006.

202. Наука здоровья. Декабрь 2005. Российское Респираторное Общество. www.societv.pulmonology.ru

203. Перцева Т.А., Конопкина Л.И. Основы изучения вентиляционной функции легких: клинико-диагностическое значение., методическое пособие для врачей и студентов медицинских вузов.- Днепропетровск, АРТ-ПРЕСС, 2008.-66с.

204. Тоннесен П., Карроззи Л., и др., Отказ от курения у больных с респираторными заболеваниями: первоочередной компонент лечения.- методические рекомендации, Пульмонология №2, 2010, http://www.pulmonology.ru

205. Солдатченко С.С. Хроническое обструктивное заболевание легких. - Крымский медицинский формуляр.- научно-практический журнал №10, 2006.

206. «Здоров’я України» №18(247) 2010 р. А.І.Ячник, Національний інститут фтизіатрії і пульмонології ім. Ф.Г.Яновського НАМН України, м. Київ с. – 41.

207. «Здоровя Україні» №22(203) 2008 р. Барановськая Т.В., Швайко Л.І., Сушко В.А., Юдіна Л.В., Всесвітній день боротьби з ХОЗЛ в Києві. с.-12.

208. Increased mortality in COPD among construction workers exposed to inorganic dust / I.A. Bergdahl et al. // Eur Respir J. - 2004. - №23. - P. 402-406.

209.  Blanc P.D. et al. Further exploration of the links between occupational exposure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease // J Occup Environ Med. - 2009. - №51(7). - P. 804-810.

210. Occupational exposures and the risk of COPD: dusty trades revisited / P.D. Blanc et al. // Thorax. - 2009. - № 64(1). - P. 6-12.

211.  Chronic bronchitis, COPD, and lung function in farmers: the role of biological agents / W. Eduard et al. // Chest. - 2009. - №136(3). - P. 716-725.

212. Hedlund U., Jarvholm D., Lundback B. Persistence of respiratory symptoms in ex-underground iron ore miners // Occ Med. - 2006. - №56. - P. 380-385.

213. Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and employment by industry and occupation in the US population: a study of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey / E. Hnizdo et al. // Am J Epidemiol. - 2002. - №156. - P. 738-746.

214. Lamprecht B. et al. Farming and the prevalence of non- reversible airways obstruction: results from a population-based study / B. Lamprecht et al. // Am J Ind Med. - 2007. - №50. - P. 421-426.

215. Biological dust exposure in the workplace is a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / M.C. Matheson et al. // Thorax. - 2005. - №60. - P. 645-651.

216. COPD prevalence and its association with occupational exposures in a general population / A.M. Melville et al. // Eur Respir J. - 2010. - Jan 28. [Epub ahead of print]. URL: [http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/early/2010].

217. Мазитова Н.Н. Профессиоанльные факторы и хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких: мета анализ // Фундаментальные исследования. – 2011. – № 9 (часть 3). – С. 588-592.

218. Рост профессиональной заболеваемости хронической обструктивной болезнью лёгких (ХОБЛ) у шахтёров: основные причины /Дмитриенко В.В. и др. // Вестник гигиены и эпидемиологии. – 2006. – Т. 10, №1 (Приложение). – С. 95 - 98.

219. Басанець А.В. Аналіз функціонального стану бронхолегеневої системи у шахтарів, хворих на хронічні обструктивні захворювання легень / А.В. Басанець, О.В. Єрмакова // Вісник морської медицини. – 2011.- № 1 (51). – С. 13-20.

220. GOLD - Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases (2010)

221. GOLD Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases, Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, revised 2008 http://www.goldcopd.org/

222. Мостовий Ю.М. //Сучасні класифікації та стандарти лікування розповсюджених захворювань внутрішніх органів. – 2007. .— Вип. 9. — С. 43.

223. Хвороби системи дихання // Показания та протипоказання щодо санаторно-курортного лікування в санаторіях закритого акционерного товариства «Укрпроффоздоровниця»: Довідник. — Київ, 2003.— С.5 — 60.

224. Середа В.П. Ингаляционная терапия в комплексном лечении больных хронической обструктивной болезнью легких / В. П. Середа // ингаляционная терапия хронических обструктивных болезней легких / В.П. Середа, Г.Н. Пономаренко, А.С. Свистов. - сПБ., 2004. - гл.4,4.1. — С. 150 — 155.

225. Хвороби системи дихання // показания та протипоказання щодо санаторно- курортного лікування в санаторіях закритого акционерного товариства  «Укрпроффоздоровниця»: Довідник. -Київ,2003. — С.57 — 60.

226. Червинская А.В. Хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких / А.В.Червинская // Физиотерапия : национальное руководство / под ред. Г. Н. Пономаренко. - М., 2009. - C.384 — 388.

227. Куроти та санаторії України. Наук. – практичний довідник / За ред. К.Д. Бабова, В.В. Ежова, О.М. Торохтін —Київ: Видавничий дім «Фолігрант»— 2009.— 427 с.

228. Физиотерапия и курортология /Под. ред. В. М. Боголюбова: Бином, Москва, Кн. 2 — 2008. — 311 с.

229. Клячкин Л.М. Физические методы лечения больных хронической обструктивной болезнью легких / Л.М. Клячкин // физические методы лечения в пульмонологии / Л.М. Клячкин, А.Г.Малявин, Г.Н. Пономаренко, В.О. Самойлов, А.М. Щегольков. - сПБ., 1997., гл. 10. — С. 97, гл. 4 — С. 102, 105 — 106; гл. 6 —С. 151 — 161; гл. 10 — С.190 — 195.

230. Чучалин А.Г. Хронические обструктивные болезни легких – М.: ЗАО «Издательство ВИНОМ», 1999.— 512 с., ил.

231. Основи курортології/ за ред. М.В. Лободи, Е.О. Колесника.— Київ: Купріянова, 2003.—511 с.

232. Барукаева И.Х Интервальная гипоксическая тренировка в восстановительном лечении больных  хронической обструктивной болезнью легких  на санаторном этапе //Вопр. курортологии, физиотерапии и лечебной физкультуры. — 2007. — №5. — С. 21 — 26).

233. Зильбер Э. К. Дыхательная реабилитация больных хронической обструктивной болезнью легких: клинико-физиологическое и медико-социальное значение: Автореф. дис. … д-ра мед.наук. — М., 2006. — 47 с.

234. Рассулова М. А. Влияние интервальных гипоксических тренировок, сильвинитовой спелеотерапии на физическую работоспособность и качество жизни больных обструктивной болезнью легких //Вопр. курортологии,  физиотерапии и лечебной физкультуры — 2008. — № 4. — С. 40 — 42.

235. Рассулова М. А. Система технологий медицинской реабилитации при хронической обструктивной болезни легких: Автореф. дис. … д-ра мед.наук: спец. 14.00.51, восстановительная медицина, лечебная физкультура и спортивная медицина, курортология и физиотерапия /Рассулова М. А. — М., 2008 — 46 с.

236. Юсутталиева М.М. Нормобарическая гипоксически гиперкапническая стимуляция при ХОЗЛ на курорте / М.М. Юсутталиева, В.М. Савченко, С.И. Ковальчук //Физиотерапевт —2011. — №. — С.14 — 15.

237. Рассулова М.А. Сельвинитовая спелеокамера и хлоридные натриевые ванны в восстановительном лечении больных хронической обструктивной болезнью легких //Вопросы курортологи,физиотерапии и лечебной физической культуры — 2008. — № 2. — С. 20 — 22.

238. Лемко О. І. Вплив галоаерозольтерапії на клітинний імунітет та процеси апоптозу лімфоцитів у хворих на ХОЗЛ /О.І. Лемко, Н.Н. Вантюх //Медична реабілітація, курортологія, фізіотерапія. — 2010. — № 3. — С. 7 — 10.

239. Лемко О. І. Клініко-патогенетичне обґрунтування принципів гало аерозольтерапії та імунореабілітації у відновлювальному лікуванні хворих на хронічне обструктивне захворювання легень: Автореф. … д-ра мед. наук: спец. 14.01.27 «пульмонологія» /О. І. Лемко. — Ялта, 2011. — 48 с.

240. Зуннунов З. Р. Особенности влияния спелеотерапии на систему функции внешнего дыхания у больных хронической обструктивной болезнью легких в период реабилитации /З. Р. Зуннунов, А.М. Убайдуллаев, И. Х. Нуров //Физиотерапевт. — 2008. — № 3. — С. 6 — 8.

241. Пономаренко Г.Н Общая физиотерапия/ Г.Н. Пономаренко, В.С. Улащик. – СПб. — 2011. — 287 с.

242. Применение углекислых ванн в реабилитации больных ХОБЛ / Н.С. Журавская, О.В. Шакирова, Н.В. Козявина [и др.] //Физиотерапия, бальнеология и реабилитация. — 2007. — № 6. — С. 9 — 12.

243. Крупенников А.И. Использование пульсирующего в прерывистом режиме низкочастотного магнітного поля и низкоэнергетического лазерного излучения в восстановительном лечении больных хроническим бронхитом // Акт. вопр. мед. реабилитации и физической терапии / Тр. НИИФМР и Л. — М., 1989. С. 97 — 104)

244. Лечение больных ХОБЛ с использованием низкоэнергетического лазера в многопрофильном центре реабилитации /Л. И. Воротнева, Н.М. Дерябина, А.И. Романов и др. // Тер. Архив. — 1997. — № 3. — С. 17 — 19)

245. Олефиренко Л.Т. Водотеплолечение. — М.: Медицна, 1986. —286 с. 

246. Воронин Н.М. Клинико-физиологические основы лечебного применеия углекислых вод — М., 1963

247. Зарипова Т.Н., Пелоиды в терапии воспалительных заболеваний легких / И.И Антипова, И.Н Смирнова — Томск, 2001.

248. Поважная Е.Л. Клинико-функциональное обоснование дифференцированного грязелечения больных хроническим обструктивным бронхитом на среднегорном курорте. Автореф. … канд. мед. наук: спец. 14.00.34 — Курортология и физиотерапия, 14.00.05. — Внутренние болезни /Е.Л. Поважная. — Москва, 1989. — 18 с

249. Математическое прогнозирование эффективности пелоидотерапии у больных хроническим бронхитом и обструктивной болезнью легких / Т.Н. Зарипова, И.И. Антипова, И.Н. Смирнова, В.Б. Хон //Вопросы курортологии, физиотерапии и лечебной физкультуры. — 2012. — № 1. — С. 9 — 13.

250. Юсупалиева М.М. Лазеротерапия у больных обструктивными заболеваниями легких в условиях санаторно-курортного лечения // Медична реабілітація, курортологія, фізіотерапія — 2011. — № 2. — С. 20 — 24).

251. Орлова Е. В. Лазеропунктура в комплексной терапии хронической обструктивной болезни легких у длительно курящих пациентов /Е. В. Орлова, А. В. Никитина, И.Е. Попова // Лазерная медицина. — 2009. — Т. 13., вып. 2. — С. 18 — 22).

252. Колобова Л.Д. Застосування низькоінтенсивного гелій-неонового лазерного випромінювання в поєднанні з антагоністом кальцію фенігідіном в лікуванні та профілактиці хронічного обструктивного бронхіту: Автореф. … канд. мед. наук: спец. 14.00.33 — «курортологія і фізіотерапія», 14.00.05. —Одеса, 1995. — 24 с).

253. Сосин И.Н. Физиотерапевтический справочник /И.Н. Сосин, А.Г. Буявых Симферополь, — 2003. — 749 с.

 


Дата добавления: 2018-02-15; просмотров: 412; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!

Поделиться с друзьями:






Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!