Translate the following sentences:
- According to Bentham’s classic definition, international law is a collection of rules governing relations between states. It is a mark of how far international law has evolved that this original definition omits individuals and international organizations—two of the most dynamic and vital elements of modern international law. Furthermore, it is no longer accurate to view international law as simply a collection of rules; rather, it is a rapidly developing complex of rules and influential—though not directly binding—principles, practices, and assertions coupled with increasingly sophisticated structures and processes.
- В соответствии с классическим определением И. Бентама, международное право - это совокупность правил, регулирующих отношения между государствами. В первоначальном определении не упоминаются физические лица и международные организации, которые являются двумя быстро развивающимися элементами, которые непосредственно определяют развитие современного международного права. Кроме того, уже не совсем правильно рассматривать международное право, как просто набор правил; скорее это быстро развивающаяся сложная весомая система норм, которые зачастую являются рекомендательными, а также принципов, практик и утверждений в сочетании со все более сложными структурами и процессами.
- In the early years of the twenty-first century, this theoretical rejection of the prescriptive quality of international law seemed to be borne out in practice as a number of states, groups and individuals became engaged in internationally ‘unlawful’ action without even the remote possibility that their conduct could be checked by the international legal system.
- В первые годы XXI века, неприятие теоретиками предписывающего / обязывающего характера международного права, казалось, было подтверждено на практике, поскольку ряд государств, групп и физических лиц участвовали в международных «незаконных» действиях даже без отдаленной возможности того, что их поведение может быть проверено на соответствие международной правовой системе.
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- This ‘law’ commonly is derived from a legal superior, recognized as competent by the society to whom the law is addressed (e.g. in a constitution), and having both the authority and practical competence to make and enforce that law.
- Этот закон (прим.: национальный) обычно является полученным от юридического органа (обладателя силы), признанного обществом (народом), которое является адресатом закона, в качестве компетентного. Такой орган обладает полномочиями и практической возможностью для реализации и обеспечения соблюдения этого закона.
Rephrase the sentences below.
- It is a mark of how far international law has evolved that this original definition omits individuals and international organizations...
- Currently the definition of the term "international law" includes not only states as major subjects but also individuals and international organizations which were excluded from the original version of this definition. This demostrates the development of terms' complexity
- Since many of the problems which individual States face today cannot easily be solved at the national level, modern international law is of growing relevance in areas that were once the exclusive domain of national law.
- Taking to consideration the fact that particular issues which used to be a prerogative of the domestic law now have become too challenging for it and no longer an easy fix, we have to admit the growing importance of the International law in resolving these tasks
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- Some commentators have even suggested that we are witnessing the demise of this subject as a legal discipline and should now recognise it as having political and moral force, but not necessarily legal content.
- Referring to some experts' opinion, it is believed that international law may transform from the exlusively legal discipline into something obtaining political and moral force even with possible exlusion of its legal value
- The way in which the international system deals with these practical issues and the many others that occur on a daily basis whenever the members of the international community interact, goes to the heart of the debate about whether ‘international law’ exists as a system of law.
- The dilemma on whether "international law" really exists as a comprehensive system of legal norms lies in the way it handles various problems in process of states cooperation
Task 2. Answer the questions
1. How does Bentham define international law? International law is a collection of rules governing relations between states
When did he give the definition? It was Jeremy Bentham who first coined the word international in a book published in 1789
Is it relevant today? It isn’t because nowadays international law is a rapidly developing complex of rules and influential—though not directly binding—principles, practices, and assertions coupled with increasingly sophisticated structures and processes. And also we should mention individuals and international organizations—two of the most dynamic and vital elements of modern international law
How do other jurists and legal commentators define this term? Use pre-reading task № 1
2. Why have relations in the framework of international law become more complex? As a result of increasing globalization; modern international law is of growing relevance in areas that were once the exclusive domain of national law; the scope of international law today is immense - from the primary concern with the preservation of peace, to embrace all the interests of contemporary international life
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3. What is the primary purpose of international law? It supports order in the world and the attainment of humanity's fundamental goals of advancing peace, prosperity, human rights, and environmental protection. Text: one of its primary purposes - the maintenance of an ordered community where the weak are protected from arbitrary action by the strong.
4. Why have many jurists and legal commentators disregarded international law? Introduce a few examples. «Unlawful» actions of states, groups and individuals: US-led invasion of Iraq or the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, or the detention of terrorist suspects without trial, or the unhindered resort to terrorism by groups based in existing states (with or without the support of another state’s government), or the rejection by some of international minimum standards for the protection of the environment; the United Nations failed in Bosnia, Somalia and Sudan ...
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