Say if the following statements are true or false. Use the introductory phrases for agreement and disagreement. (See III. 4.)
1. Germany's elections will start on Sunday.
2. The ruling coalition lags behind according to opinion polls.
3. The outcome of the elections as well as the composition of the next coalition are not clear yet.
4. The German electoral system clearly defines the make-up of the next parliament.
5. The size of the Bundestag has been reduced this year due to budgetary pressures.
6. A great number of people are going to take part in the elections.
7. The turnout of 82% is rather low by international standards.
8. Each voter has two votes.
9. Every party that takes part in elections should be represented in the parliament.
Translate the following texts into English using Translation Notes.
1
ТУРЦИЯ. В стране вчера прошли досрочные выборы в парламент страны. Выборы должны были состояться[20] в 2004 году, однако были перенесены в связи с расколом в правительственной коалиции. Судя по опросам, наибольшие шансы на победу имеет недавно созданная Партия справедливости и развития.
2
США. Американский президент совершает поездку по южным штатам страны, чтобы поддержать кандидатов от Республиканской партии на предстоящих выборах в Конгресс. Одновременно пройдут выборы губернаторов 36 из 50 штатов.
3
Президент США подписал законопроект[21], направленный на усовершенствование избирательной системы США. Документ, одобренный ранее Конгрессом, должен исключить повторение ситуаций, когда путаница с подсчетом голосов поставила страну на грань[22] политического кризиса. Новый закон получил название «Помощь Америке и голосовании» и предусматривает выделение 3,9 млрд. долларом и бюджеты штатов. Деньги пойдут на замену устаревших машин для подсчета результатов голосования, подготовку добровольцев, работающих на избирательных участках, и распространение информации о выборах. Новые компьютерные программы должны предотвратить возможные ошибки. Закон устанавливает единые базовые требования для всех 50 штатов.
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SECTION B
I
Read the article and look up the meaning of the underlined words in the dictionary.
Choosing the nation's President
Every four years Americans participate in a unique and exciting ritual — the selection of the nation's President. The summer before the election, each of the major political parties holds a convention. Delegates from every state meet together to choose candidates for President and Vice-President and to determine the party's program (or platform, as it is called).
The number of delegates from each state is determined by its population and its support for that party in previous elections. After routine formalities, convention business usually begins with creation and acceptance of a party platform. A platform is a very general statement of the party's philosophy, goals, and position on issues of national and international concern. The next business of the convention is the nomination of prospective presidential candidates. When nominations are completed, votes are taken alphabetically by state. Several roll calls may be necessary before one nominee wins the majority of votes needed to become the party's candidate.
Once the presidential candidate is selected, his running mate (the vice-presidential candidate) must be chosen. Traditionally, a party's presidential and vice-presidential candidates come from different sections of the country and have somewhat different political views. Thus, the party achieves what is called a balanced ticket, a combination of candidates that will appeal to many different blocks of voters.
Actual campaigning traditionally begins on Labor Day. From that time until election day, voters are bombarded from all sides by radio, television, newspapers and personal communications with political material. Each candidate tries to convince a majority of American voters that he is best qualified to lead the country for the next four years.
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Because campaigning is extremely expensive and a candidate must receive a majority of the electoral votes, presidential politics has, to a large extent, been limited to two major parties — the Democratic and Republican parties. A great number of votes are needed to win a national election. No candidate can hope to survive by appealing to one or two classes of voters. Each party has a familiar symbol: for Democrats it is a donkey, and for the Republicans — an elephant.
On the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, voters cast their ballots for President and Vice-President. Some members of Congress and many state and local officials are also elected at this time. Thanks to voting machines and computers, Americans usually know the winners by late evening.
The President and Vice-President are not actually chosen by popular votes but by electoral votes. That is, the people vote for electors who are, as a group, known as the Electoral College. This group selects the President and Vice-President. When a citizen casts his vote for a presidential candidate, he is really choosing electors. Each elector is expected (although not obliged) to vote for the candidate who wins the majority of popular votes in his state. The number of electors allotted to each state is equal to the total number of representatives and senators who represent that state in Congress. Thus, states with larger populations have more electoral votes. The candidate who receives a majority of the votes in a particular state receives all of that state's electoral votes. It is, therefore, possible for a presidential candidate to win a majority of popular votes but not a majority of electoral votes, thereby losing the election. This can happen if the opponent wins by small margins in states with many electoral votes and loses by large margins in states with few electoral votes. At least two presidential elections have been decided this way.
To be elected, candidates for President and Vice-President must receive a majority of votes in the Electoral College. If no candidate receives a majority, the House of Representatives chooses the President from the top three candidates, and the Senate chooses the Vice-President from the top two candidates having the highest number of electoral votes.
The newly-elected President is inaugurated in January during a solemn, nationally-televised ceremony. He then moves into the White House, appoints members of his Cabinet, and begins the difficult task of trying to persuade Congress to help him fulfil his campaign promises.
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