Verbs taking to-infinitive or -ing form with a change in meaning:



forget + to-inf (= fail to remember to do sth.) He forgot to turn off the radio. forget + -ing form (= not recall a past event) I’ll never forget seeing the Eiffel Tower for the first time. remember + to-inf (= not forget to do sth.) Please, remember to feed the dog before leaving. remember + -ing form (= recall a past event) I don’t remember seeing him at the party last night.
mean + to-inf (= intend to) She means to study art in Paris this summer. mean + -ing form (= involve)        Iwon’t go if itmeans taking the train during rush hour. would prefer + to-inf  (specific preference) I’d prefer to eat at this restaurant. prefer + -ing form (in general)  I prefer reading spy stories. prefer + to-inf + rather than + inf without to I prefer to drive to work rather than take the bus.
go on + to-inf (= finish doing sth. and start doing sth. else; then; afterwards) He pruned the hedges, then went on to mow the lawn. go on + -ing form (= continue) We went on dancing until we got tired. r try + to-inf (= do one’s best; attempt) Try to throw the ball into the basket. try + -ing form (= do sth. as an experiment) Try cooking with olive oil, you might find it improves the taste.
regret + to-inf (= be sorry to) Iregret to informyou that there are no seats on the 12.30 flight.                  regret + -ing form (= have second thoughts about smth. already done) He regrets buying such an expensive sports car. want + to-inf (= wish) Iwant to go home.                                                                                want + -ing form (= smth. needs to be done) These windows want cleaning.
8 stop + to-inf (= pause temporarily). Can we stop here to admire the view? stop + -ing form (= finish; cease) Hestopped studying and switched on the TV. be sorry + to-inf (= regret) Iwas sorry to hear he failed his exam.                             be sorry for + -ing form (= apologise for) She was sorry for yelling at him.
11 hate + to-inf (= not like what one is about to do) I hate to argue, but you are definitely wrong. hate + -ing form (= feel sorry for what one is doing) Ihate bothering you at such a late hour. be afraid + to-inf (= be too frightened to do sth; hesitate) She was afraid to jump into the pool. be afraid of + -ing form (= be afraid that what is referred to by the -ing form may happen) When driving in the rain, I’m afraid of skidding on the wet road

PARTICIPLES

present participles      (V + ing)                     (playing, writing) past participle (V3) (played, written) perfect participle       (having + V3) (having played, having written)

 

 

Functions of participles

1. to express time After doing/having done her homework, she watched TV. Having done her homework, she watched TV. (=After she had done her homework, she watched TV.) He broke his arm (while) playing hockey. (=He broke his arm while he was playing hockey.)
2. to express reason Being late, Adam took a taxi. (=Because he was late, Adam took a taxi.)Having spent all her money, Pam asked for a loan. (=Because she had spent all her money, Pam asked for a loan.)
3.  instead of a relative pronoun and full verb.   The man standing at the door is my boss. (=The man who is standing at the door is my boss.) The information presented in the article was invaluable. (=The information which was presented in the article was invaluable.)
4. instead of the past simple when we describe actions happening immediately one after the other. Seeing the shadow, he screamed. (=He saw the shadow and he screamed.)
5. to avoid repeating the past continuous in the same sentence. She was climbing up a ladder carrying a bucket. (=She was climbing up a ladder and she was carrying a bucket.)

 

 

APPENDIX 3

Functions of Modal Verbs.

ability 1. Kim is five years old. She can read and write. 2. When she was three, she could count to ten. 3. Tony was able to win the race. (single action in the past)
obligation 4. I must cut down on fats. (I need to; I say so) 5. I have to cut down on fats: (I’m obliged to; the doctor says so) 6. I had to cut down or else I would have got overweight. (past) 7. We ought to stay within the speed limit. (It is the right thing to do, but we don’t always do it.) 8. We ought to have stayed within the speed limit. (It was the right thing to do but we didn’t do it.)
requests 1. Can I see the Manager? (informal) 2. Could I see the Manager? (polite) 3. May I see the Manager, please? (formal) 4. Might I see the Manager? (very formal) 5. Will you do my shopping? (infor­mal) 6. Would you mind working overtime? (polite; formal)
obligation/duty/necessity a) You must sign the contract. b) I must sign the contract. с) I have to sign the contract. giving permission a) You can leave your luggage here. b) You may leave your luggage in this area.
refusing permission a) He doesn’t need to/doesn’t have to/needn’t get a taxi. I’ll give him a lift. b )He didn’t need to get a taxi because I gave him a lift. c) He needn’t have got a taxi. lack of necessity a) You cant/mustn’t park here b) You may not park in this area.
advice a) You ought to/should revise for your test. b) You must revise for your test requests a) Can/Will you help me with this exercise? b) Could/Would you help me with this exercise? c) May I have one of those leaflets?
suggestions a) We can/could go out for a meal later. b) Shall we go out for a meal later? prohibition a)You mustn’t/can’t lie in court.
ability possibility a) She could/may/might finish her work by six о’clock. b)She could/might have been late.
lack of ability a) Ann can’t play the piano b) She couldn’t swim fast when she was young. c) She couldn’t reach the top shelf, even though she tried. offers a) Shall/Can/Could I help you cross the road.
asking permission a) Can I open the window, please? b) Could I open the window please? c) May/Might I open the window, please? logical assumptions a) She must be on holiday b) She can’t be working. c)He must have been on holiday. d) He can’t have been at home
criticism He ought to/should have told her the truth. asking for suggestions or instructions a) When/How shall I contact you?

 

 


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