Времена группы PERFECT (Совершенные времена)
THE PRESENT PERFECT (Настоящее совершенное время)
| Has / have + V3 |
T he present perfect образуется при помощи глагола has or have и третьей формы глагола, например:
I have walked, she has gone, they have seen.
The present perfect используется в следующих случаях:
Для обозначения законченного действия, происшедшего в прошедшем времени, результат которого очевиден в настоящем.
Показатели:
Just
Already
Yet
Примеры:
Someone has broken the window. (RESULT NOW: it is still broken, and needs to be mended)
The taxi has arrived. (RESULT NOW: someone needs to go and get into the taxi)
Jane’s hurt her hand, so she can’t write. (RESULT NOW: Jane can’t write)
Jane’s just left, but you might catch her in the car park.
Для обозначения действия, начавшегося в прошлом, но продолжающегося до настоящего момента
Показатели:
Since
For
Сравните предложения:
present perfect: I have lived in Chicago for many years. (=I still live there now)
simple past: I lived in Chicago for many years. (="now" I live somewhere else)
present perfect: Jim has worked for us since 1992. (="he" still works for us now)
simple past: Jim worked for us from 1992 to 1996. (="he" does not work for us any more)
Для обозначения законченного действия, происшедшего в прошедшем времени, но не важно, когда именно
Показатели:
Ever
Never
Примеры:
She has had several jobs abroad.
There have been problems with this system in the past.
Have you ever visited Scotland?
I’ve never been in a plane before.
Если указывается, когда происходило действие, необходимо использовать the simple past, а не the present perfect.
Примеры:
I spoke to him yesterday. NOT I have spoken to him yesterday.
They arrived in the US last week. NOT They have arrived in the US last week.
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THE PAST PERFECT (Прошедшее совершенное время)
| Had+V3 |
Употребляется, когда необходимо указать, что одно действие произошло раньше другого.
Показатели:
Before
After
When
Примеры:
After the visitors had left, we watched TV.
They told me that the taxi had already arrived
THE FUTURE PERFECT (Будущее совершенное время)
| Will have + V3 |
Обозначает действие, которое завершится к определенному моменту в будущем:
He’ll have written the book by next month.
PERFECT TENSES
Тренировочные упражнения
Выберите правильный вариант ответа
1. A passenger plane ____ into the ocean.
1) crashing 2) has crashed 3) 've crashed 4) was crashing
2. Who is that old gentleman? I ____ him before.
1) never saw 3) have never seen
2) never see 4) had never seen
3. My boyfriend was ill before Christmas, but he ____ fine since then.
1) has been 2) was 3) is 4) had been
4. Mr Winthrop was sorry that he ____ rude to Mary.
1) was 2) had been 3) has been 4) is
5. They are sure they ____ decorating the flat by tomorrow evening.
1) would finish 3) have finished
2) are finishing 4) will have finished
6. My car ____ 50.000 miles.
1) has already done 3) have already done
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2) is done 4) has been done
7. Jorge ____to school.
1) has already walked 3) would already walk
2) already walk 4) already walks
8. John lives here. He ____ in the same house since 1962.
1) lives 2) is living 3) has lived 4) lived
9. ____ eaten snails?
1) Did you ever 3) Have you ever
2) Do you 4) I have never
10. We arrived at the cinema late. The film ____.
1) had already begun 3) is beginning
2) already began 4) has already begun
PERFECT TENSES
Контрольный тест
Выберите правильный вариант ответа
1. We ____what to do with the money yet.
1) haven't decided 3) decided
2) didn't decide 4) decide
2. John ____ in New York for ten years before he moved to California.
1) has lived 2) had lived 3) lives 4) was living
3. I ____ my last novel. I can give you a copy.
1) writing 3) write
2) have just written 4) was writing
4. He ____ from his job. Now he has a lot of free time.
1) will retire 3) retire
2) has just retired 4) was retiring
5. You can talk to Mr Black, he ____ up.
1) woke 3) was waking
2) has just woken 4) wakes
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6. – How long ____ your car?
– I've had it since Christmas.
1) have you had 3) do you have
2) did you have 4) have you
7. – How long ____ ill?
– I've been ill for two weeks.
1) were you 3) are you
2) have you been 4) had you been
8. What ____ ? Why is the room full of smoke?
1) happens 2) 's happened 3) 'll happen 4) 'd happened
9. – You ____ my vase!
– It was an accident.
1) had broke 3) break
2) were breaking 4) have broken
10. We ____ here since Friday.
1) worked 2) are working 3) work 4) have worked
THE PASSIVE VOICE ( Пассивный залог )
Времена в активном и пассивном залогах
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