I. Learn the words and special terms on foundary.
II. Answer the questions.
1) What is the oldest method of casting?
2) How may metal-casting methods be classified?
3) Put the steps in the right order according to the technology:
- pouring the metal into suitable sand molds
- solidifying
- making sand molds
- melting metal in a furnace
4) Why is sand used as mold material?
5) What other mold materials do you know?
6) What methods of pouring molten metals into a mold do you know?
7) What does the melting temperature of the cast metal determine?
III. Write the English equivalents of these Russian words and make up sentences of your own with them.
1) литье
2) печь
3) форма
4) жидкий металл
5) использовать вторично
6) выливать
7) производство
8) в зависимости от
9) требуемая форма
10) подходящий
Unit 5. SAND MOLDING EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
There are three principal methods of making sand molds. Green-sand or damp-sand molds are formed by mixing silica, 8 per cent or 15 per cent clay, and a small amount of water. Green-sand molds are recommended for cast iron.
Dry-sand molds are formed by mixing sand of somewhat coarse grain with a clay-bonding material and water, and then baking the mixture dry. These molds are used where heavy work is to be cast. Dry-sand molds are usually made up one day, baked overnight, and assembled and cast the next day. Dry-sand molds are recommended for steel castings.
A modified sand mold (also called a skin-dried mold) has been found suitable for certain types of sand castings. Silica sand (silicon dioxide) is mixed with a dry-sand bond. The mixture is packed around the pattern to a thickness of 1/2 inch thus forming a partial mold, which is permitted to dry out. When the partial mold is dry the remaining portion of the mold is completed with green sand.
There are three classes of materials for molding that are kept in stock in the foundry. Molding sands (light, medium and heavy), facings (graphite for blacking or finely ground soft coal) and miscellaneous (fire clay, core binders and parting compounds).
Light sand is used for the castings such as stove plate. The sand should be very fine to bring out this detail; it must be strong; i.e., high in clay content, so that the mold will retain every detail as the metal rushes in. Fine sand can be used for such casting because the work will cool so quickly that after the initial escape of the air and steam there will be very little gas to come off through the sand.
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Medium sand is used in bench work and light floor work-such as making machinery castings having from 1/1 to 2 sections. These castings are less fine than those molded in light sand. Therefore, the molding sand for this type of casting is coarser than in the case previously described.
Heavy sand is used for very large iron and steel castings. This sand is high in silica, low in lime, and its grain is coarse in order to resist the heat of the molten metal and enable the formed gases to pass through the molding sand for a long time after the molten metal is poured. This type of molding sand must be held firmly together by a large proportion of clay which makes a strong bond.
Foundry Facing Materials are either applied or mixed with the molding sand that comes in contact with the melted metal. The object is to give a smooth surface to the casting.
Different forms of carbon are used for facing purposes-because carbon will glow and give off gases, but it will not melt. The principal carbon facing is graphite.
NOTES AND COMMENTARY
| green sand (damp sand) – сырой песок sand of somewhat coarse grain – крупнозернистый песок and then baking the mixture dry – а затем высушиванием смеси are usually made up one day – обычно заготавливаются днем baked overnight – высушиваются за ночь assembled and cast the next day – сборка и литье происходит на следующий день skin - dried mold – форма, высушенная с поверхности dry - sand bond – сухой песок в качестве связующего вещества partial mold – частичная форма (неполная форма) the remaining portion of the mold is completed with green-sand – остальная часть формы заполняется сырым песком are kept in stock – имеется в качестве сырья | should be very fine to bring out this detail – должен быть очень мелким, чтобы воспроизвести эту деталь come off through – выходить (удаляться) через песок bench work – верстачная работа light floor work – негромоздкая работа less fine – более крупный is high in silica – содержащий много кварца for a long time after – долгое время после which makes a strong bond – который действует как сильное связующее вещество facing materials – припылы comes in contact – соприкасается the object is to give a smooth sur face to – этот элемент должен придавать поверхности гладкость |
EXERCISES
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