B) Find sentences with these expressions in the text.



4.  Be ready to answer the questions:

1. Who founded the original settlement of Moscow?

2. Who and when destroyed Moscow?

3. When did Moscow receive the status of capital?

4. Why was there a period of decline in Moscow in the 18th century?

5. Why was Moscow the main target for Napoleon?

6. What is the present-day Moscow?

7. Have you ever been to Moscow? What places did you visit? What impressions did you have?

 

LONDON

1. Read the words and expressions aloud:

Fortification, Roman fortification, Thames, River Thames, the River Thames, Conquest, Norman Conquest, the Norman Conquest, plague

 Plague, terrible plague,escape, countryside, surrounding countryside, center, entertainment center, wharfs, warehouses, wharfs and warehouses

 Foreigners, glamour, lights, bright lights, associated, associated with, associated with glamour, associated with glamour and lights, associated with glamour and bright lights

 Trafalgar, Trafalgar Square, Circus, Piccadilly Circus, monarchs, crowned, monarchs have been crowned

 Ceremonies, colorful ceremonies,Buckingham, Buckingham Palace, horse, horse-riders

2. Read the text and get the main idea of it.   

London is a very old city. It began life two thousand years ago as Roman fortification at a place where it was possible to cross the River Thames. Around the town the Romans built a wall for defense. After the Norman Conquest there was a long period of peace, during which people began building outside the walls. In 1665, during the terrible plague in London, many people left the city and escaped to the villages in the surrounding countryside. In 1666 the Great Fire of London ended the plague but it also destroyed much of the city. After the plague and the Great Fire London was rebuilt and people returned to it but never again there were so many Londoners living in the city center.

It is difficult to speak about the center London as of one definite place. As a matter of fact, it has a number of centers, each with a distinct character: the financial and business center called the City, the industrial center is the East End, the shopping and entertainment center in the West End, the government center is in Westminster.

The City is not the whole of central London: it is just a small area east of the center, the site of the original Roman town, so it is the oldest part of the capital. The City has a long and exciting history and it is proud of its independence and traditional role as a center of trade and commerce. The City's administration is headed by the annually elected Lord Mayor, whose official residence is the Mansion House.

The East End is the industrial part of London. It covers a wide area and there are many wharfs and warehouses (склады) along the river banks.

The East End is one of those areas of London where people from abroad have come to find work. For centuries foreigners have made London their home. The immigrants have brought their customs, traditions and religion into the East End. The East End markets are famous throughout the world. Petticoat Lane market takes place every Sunday morning and has become one of the sights of London.

The West End is the name given to the area of central London between the Mall and Oxford Street. The name West End is associated with glamour and bright lights.

Trafalgar Squarewas built at the beginning of the 19th century to commemorate the Battle of Trafalgar. Admiral Lord Nelson's statue stands on top of column in the middle of Trafalgar Square. This large square is a traditional place for people to meet.

Most of London's big department stores are situated in Oxford Street and Regent Street. They are always crowded, but especially at sale times (в периоды распродаж) in January and July when there are so many people here that it is difficult to move.

Piccadilly Circus is the center of nightlife in the West End. To the North of Piccadilly Circus is Soho, which has been the foreign quarter of London since the 17th century. Now it is famous for its restaurants, which offer food from different countries.

In the West End there are over thirty theatres within a square mile. They offer a great variety of shows to choose from: opera, musicals, drama, comedies, whodunits (детективные пьесы) and so on.

Westminster. Every day, when people in the UK and overseas switch on their radio to listen to BBC, they can hear one of the most famous sounds in London: the chimes of Big Ben on the tower of the Houses of Parliament.

The Houses of Parliamentoccupies a magnificent building on the left bank of the Thames in a part of London called Westminster that has long been connected with royalty and government.

Westminster Abbeystands opposite the Houses of Parliament. A church has stood here since Saxon times, when it was known as West Monastery (Westminster), because of its position to the west of London's center. Since William Conqueror's times British monarchs have been crowned there and since the 13th century they have been buried there. Many other famous people are also buried in Westminster Abbey.

When you are in London you are always reminded of the city's connection with the Crown. There are royal palaces, royal parks and colorful ceremonies.

The most important building in London is Buckingham Palace, which is the official residence of the Queen. It stands in St.Jame's park. Running through the park from the front of Buckingham Palace to Trafalgar Square is the Mall, a wide tree-lined avenue.

Hide Park was originally a hunting forest and is still popular with horse-riders. Regent's Park is now the home of London Zoo and an open-air theatre, which stages Shakespeare's plays.

 

3. Be ready to answer the questions:

1. When did London begin life? Why did the Romans build a wall around the city?

2. Where did people begin building their houses during the long period of peace?

3. What great disasters befell London in 1665 and 1666?

4. How large is the territory of Greater London now?

5. Why is it difficult to speak about the center of London as one definite place?

6. What is the financial and business center? What is the entertainment center? Where is the government center?

7. Which is the oldest part of London?

8. Who heads the City's administration?

9. What market has become one of the sights of London?

10. What is the name West End associated with?

11. What does Trafalgar Square commemorate? What monument stands in the center of it?

12. Where are most of London's big department stores situated? When are they especially crowded?

13. What is Soho famous for?

14. In what part of London is the building of the Houses of Parliament situated? What is Big Ben?

15. What English king built Westminster Abbey? What is it famous for?

16. Name the most famous parks in London.

 

4. Find a map of London. Mark all the places you can come across in the text.

5. Prepare small pictures of different sightseeing in London, glue them and write their names in your copybook.

 

Education in Russia

1. Read the words and expressions aloud:

stages, three stages, Higher, Higher Education, citizen, right, right to education

compulsory, obedient, nevertheless, basic, basic laws, nature, basic laws of nature, basic laws of nature and society

algebra, algebra and literature, algebra, literature and physics, Primary, Primary education, school-leavers, certificate

Higher, Higher Educational, Higher Educational Institution, alternative, alternative system, an alternative system

 kindergartens, church, privileged, privileged schools, gymnasiums, gymnasiums and lyceums

fee-paying, nonstate, vocational, general, vocational general, secondary, specialized, specialized schools

 boarding-schools, boarding-schools for, handicapped, handicapped children, boarding-schools for handicapped children

diplomas, post-graduate, post-graduate courses, scientists, successful

strives, strives to ascertain, curricula, quite, quite necessary

 highly, highly skilled, highly skilled and educated, highly skilled and educated specialist

profound, profound knowledge, chosen, chosen speciality, in the field of chosen speciality

 

2. Read the text and get the main idea of it.   

The system of education in Russia is rather simple. It has three stages: Primary, Secondary (non-complete and complete) and Higher Education. Every citizen of Russia has the right to education which is guaranteed by the Constitution. The state system of education is free. Secondary education has long been compulsory.

Primary education (classes 1-4) begins at the age of 7. At primary school it is important for children to be learned working hard. Children should listen to the teacher and be obedient and nevertheless be creative and sociable. Secondary education includes 5 – 11 forms. Children learn the basic laws of nature and society at the lessons of history, algebra, literature, physics and many others.

On finishing any school of secondary level school-leavers get a certificate which gives them the right to take entrance examinations to any Higher Educational Institution both state and non-state.

As a matter of fact lately there appeared an alternative system of non-state education in Russia. It is not free of course and in most cases tries to provide better conditions for education. Specialists don’t call it “System” but speak of different alternative institutions at every level of education. There exist non-state kindergartens, church and private primary schools now.

Inside the state system of secondary schools we can see different types of privileged schools for more advanced children – the so called gymnasiums and lyceums.

Among state schools of secondary level we can differenciate between vocational general secondary and specialized schools, colleges. There are boarding-schools for handicapped children.

Higher Educational Establishments include Institutes, Universities, Conservatories and Drama Studios, Higher Schools, Academies. Lately a net of fee-paying nonstate Higher Educational Institutions has been opened. Higher education usually lasts 4-6 years. On graduating the students receive diplomas. Students can get the bachelor's degree or the master's degree.

When young people graduate from the university, they can get a good job or go to another university and get secondary higher education or stay at the university and study at post-graduate courses. The Leading Higher Educational Centres have post-graduate courses which train scientists (Candidates of Education and Science and Doctors).

There are attempts to implement the elements of European Education in our system of education. They are not always successful. The Ministry of Education of Russia strives to ascertain the state level (standard) of education. Still much of the curricula are left on the authorities of schools, institutes and universities.

To study is not an easy thing, of course, but nowadays it is quite necessary to be highly skilled and educated specialist. In general our system of education gives the graduate a profound knowledge in the field of chosen speciality.

3. a) Read the following expressions and give Russian equivalents to them:

have the right to, to be guaranteed by, to be left on


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