Exercise 1. Match the words and their definitions
| 1. Lawyer | a. to harm or spoil something; |
| 2. Judge | b. to take legal action against a person or organization by making a legal claim; |
| 3. Tort | c. a person who is in charge of a trial in a court and makes decisions on legal matters; |
| 4. Property | d. someone whose job is to give advice to people about the law and speak for them in court; |
| 5. To damage | e. something or a number of things owned by someone; |
| 6. To sue | f. a wrongful act for which a civil action can be brought. |
Exercise 2. Match the word combinations with the Russian equivalents
| 1. To overlap | a. непреднамеренный; |
| 2. Court ruling | b. завещание; |
| 3. Inheritance law | c. предумышленный; |
| 4. Unintentional | d. частично совпадать; |
| 5. Deliberate | e. наём недвижимости; |
| 6. Lease | f. нарушение общественного порядка; |
| 7. Will | g. наследственное право; |
| 8. Disorderly conduct | h. постановление суда. |
Exercise 3. Finish the sentence adding the information from the text
1. Private law deals with … .
2. Public law concerns … .
3. A tort is a … .
4. Inheritance law, or succession law, concerns … .
5. Family law determines … .
6. Criminal law deals with … .
Exercise 4. Fill in the missing words
Public lawyers legislature
Branches family tort
1. … handle most of law matters out of court.
2. A … is a wrong or injury that a person suffers because of someone else’s action.
3. … law covers such matters as marriage, divorce, adoption, and child support.
4. … law defines a person’s rights and obligations in relation to government.
5. Administrative law consists of the legal powers granted to administrative departments by the … .
6. The various … of public and private law are closely related, and in many cases they overlap.
Exercise 5. Answer the following questions
1. What are the main branches of law?
2. What does private law deal with?
3. What is the difference between private and public law?
4. What are the main branches of private law and public law?
5. What does the constitution define?
COURT SYSTEM
Court is a person or body of persons having judicial authority to hear and determine disputes in particular cases: civil, criminal or military. Court is also a large room in a building where trials and other legal cases happen.
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English courts are divided by certain features. The first distinction is between courts trying criminal cases and courts trying civil cases. The second distinction is made between the inferior courts, or courts of first instance, in which the first hearing of any judicial proceeding takes place, and the superior courts, or courts of appeal, in which the judgement of the first courts are brought under review. The court of appeal is the main appeal court, whose decision may be reviewed by the House of Lords in important points of law.
The legal system also includes juvenile courts (which deal with offenders under seventeen) and coroners' courts (which investigate violent, sudden or unnatural deaths). There are administrative tribunals, which make quick, cheap and fair decisions with much less formality. Tribunals deal with professional standards, disputes between individuals, and disputes between individuals and government departments (e.g. over taxation).
The American court system is complex. It functions as part of the federal system of government. Each state runs its own court system, and no two are identical. The federal courts coexist with the state courts.
Individuals fall under the jurisdiction of two different court systems, their state courts and federal courts. They can sue or be sued in either system, depending mostly on what their case is about. The vast majority of cases are resolved in the state courts.
The federal courts are organised in three tiers, like a pyramid. At the bottom of the pyramid there are the U.S. district courts, where litigation begins. In the middle there are the U.S. courts of appeals. At the top there is the U.S. Supreme Court. To appeal means to take a case to a higher court. The courts of appeals and the Supreme Court are appellate courts, with few exceptions; they review cases that have been decided in lower courts. Most federal courts hear and decide a wide array of cases; the judges in these courts are known as generalists.
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Belarusian courts are judicial organs of government, which resolve disputes of civil and criminal cases on the territory of Belarus. The Constitution of Belarus (Articles 151-161) provides the system of election of judges and People's assessors and the collective order of trying criminal and civil cases in courts. In general the court system is divided into three stages – district (municipal) People's courts, regional courts and Minsk city court and the highest one – the Supreme Court of the Republic of Belarus. Criminal and civil courts are distinguished as courts of first and second instances. Courts of first instance pronounce verdicts in criminal cases and pass judgement in civil cases after trial. Courts of second instance are courts of cassation and can control the legality and justification of verdicts or judgement pronounced by courts of first instance.
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