JUDICIAL SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS
In accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus of 1994 the courts exercise judicial power in the Republic of Belarus. The Basic Law stipulates one of the most fundamental democratic principles of the state structure – principle of separation of powers on legislative, executive and judicial. Accordingly, judicial power is independent branch of power and consists of the system of general and economic courts and the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Belarus.
Judicial system is based upon the principles of territorial delineation and specialization. Judicial power in the Republic of Belarus is executed only by judges of the courts and by people’s assessors which are joined to the administration of justice in the general courts. Judicial power is realized by means of constitutional, civil, criminal, economic and administrative proceedings. Judicial power is independent; it interacts with legislative and executive powers.
Judicial system of the Republic of Belarus, as it was mentioned before, comprise of:
1. The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Belarus – body of judicial control of the constitutionality of the normative legal acts in the State, which exercise judicial power through the constitutional proceedings;
2. General courts, which exercise justice by way of civil, criminal and administrative proceedings;
3. Economic courts, which exercise justice through economic and administrative proceedings.
THE HISTORY OF SCOTLAND YARD
The task of organizing and designing the “New Police” was placed in the hands of Colonel Charles Rowan and Sir Richard Mayne. These two Commissioners occupied a private house at 4, Whitehall Palace, the back of which opened on to a courtyard, which had been the site of a residence owned by the Kings of Scotland and known as “Scotland Yard”. Since the place was used as a police station, the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police became known as Scotland Yard.
These headquarters were removed in 1890 to premises on the Victoria Embankment and became known as “New Scotland Yard”; but in 1967, because of the need for a larger and more modern headquarters building, a further removal took place to the present site at Victoria Street 910 Broadway), which is also known as “New Scotland Yard”.
The Force suffered many trials and difficulties in overcoming public hostility and opposition. But, by their devotion to duty and constant readiness to give help and advice coupled with kindliness and good humor, they eventually gained the approval and trust of the public. This achievement has been fostered and steadily maintained throughout the history of the Force, so that today its relationship with the public is established on the firmest foundation of mutual respect and confidence.
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PRISON
Most offences have a fixed maximum prison sentence, but usually the offender will receive less than the maximum period.
Generally, a magistrates’ court cannot impose a sentence of more than six months per offence, although the magistrates can sometimes get around this by committing the prisoner to the crown court for sentence in the hope that that the judge will pass a longer sentence. If the accused is being sentences for several offences, the maximum magistrates’ court prison term is a total of twelve months.
If a prisoner is sentences to prison for several offences at the same trial, the judge will say whether the sentences are to run concurrently or consecutively. This is best explained by an example: if a prisoner receives two sentences of one year each, he or she will serve only one year if the sentences run concurrently, but will serve two years if the sentences are to be consecutive. Most prison sentences are concurrent.
Prison should be seen as the last resort when sentencing an offender, partly because prison is not generally regarded as a reforming influence and also the cost of keeping someone in crowded prisons is very high.
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
SPECIALIZATION IN ECONOMICS
Specialization is considered key to economic efficiency based on theoretical and empirical considerations. Different individuals or nations may have different real opportunity costs of production, say from differences in stocks of human capital per worker or capital/labour ratios. According to theory, this may give a comparative advantage in production of goods that make more intensive use of the relatively more abundant, thus relatively cheaper, input. Even if one region has an absolute advantage as to the ratio of its outputs to inputs in every type of output, it may still specialize in the output in which it has a comparative advantage and thereby gain from trading with a region that lacks any absolute advantage but has a comparative advantage in producing something else.
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It has been observed that a high volume of trade occurs among regions even with access to a similar technology and mix of factor inputs, including high-income countries. This has led to investigation of economies of scale and agglomeration to explain specialization in similar but differentiated product lines, to the overall benefit of respective trading parties or regions.
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