Выразите свое согласие или несогласие со следующими высказываниями, опираясь на информацию, полученную из текста.
Nbsp; Практическое занятие № 10
ING-Формы.
Тема: « DNA AND GENES ».
Тематика занятия
Словообразование: суффикс - ly
Формы причастий.
Отглагольное имя существительное.
Герундий, его форма и функции.
Вопросы для обсуждения:
1) Образование наречий с помощью суффикса - ly.
2) Употребление сложных форм причастия.
3) Употребление герундия.
4) Употребление отглагольного существительного.
II. Выполнение заданий по теме: Словообразование: суффикс – ly . Формы причастий. Отглагольное имя существительное. Герундий, его форма и функции.
1.Прочтите и устно переведите следующие слова:
gradually, eventually, absolutely, especially, remarkably, originally, extremely
Замените придаточные предложения герундиями и запишите предложения.
1. The researcher remembered that he had investigated such a case before. 2. We are interested how chromosomes carry inherited information. 3.I don't mind if you will help me.
Откройте скобки, и напишите предложения, употребляя нужные формы причастий.
1. (То make) the discovery of filterable viruses Dmitry Ivanovsky determined the cause of the tobacco mosaic disease. 2. The book "The Anatomy of Cardiac Blood Vessels" (to compose) by S. Samoylova after her numerous investigations was published in 1970. 3. They showed a DNA molecule (to consist) of two interconnected chains, each of which is a single unbranched polynucleotide.
Письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на стоящие перед герундием предлоги.
1. On carrying out the investigations the biologist James Watson and the physicist Francis Crick described the model of DNA structure . 2. In making scientific observations one must be particularly careful. 3. Cardiac impairments are revealed by taking electrocardiograms. 4. Blood cannot be transfused without its group being determined first.
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III. Лексический минимум по теме « DNA AND GENES ».
essential - a. важный, необходимый
inheritance - [in'heritəns] n. наследственность
to enable - [i'neibl] v. позволять
to influence ['influəns] v. влиять
behavioural - a. поведенческий
nucleotide - n. нуклеотид
phosphate - n. фосфат
chain - n. цепочка
infinite - ['infinit] a. бесконечный
variety - [və'raiəti] n. разнообразие
description - n. описание
investigation - n. исследование
backbone - ['bжkbəun] n. основа
to depend on - v. зависеть
diploid - a. диплоидный (двойной набор хромосом)
for certain - adv. наверняка
IV. Базовый текст.
Прочитайте и переведите текст.
DNA AND GENES.
DNA has been called " the molecules of life" because it plays a key role in two absolutely essential features of all living organisms: inheritance and protein synthesis. Its molecular structure enables DNA to carry and transfer information that influences every physical and behavioural characteristic of an organism.
Nucleotides are nitrogen-containing organic molecules that play a vital role in every aspect of an organism's life. They occur singly (mononucleotides) or in combinations from two to many thousands (polynucleotides). Each nucleotide is made of three parts;
· a nitrogen-containing organic base
· a five-carbon sugar
· one or more phosphate groups
Nucleotides can combine by reactions to form long chains. These chains are called nucleic acids or polynucleotides. The best known nucleic acid is deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA.
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DNA consists of two polynucleotide chains made of only four types of nucleotide. Each nucleotide has a phosphate group, a pentose sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four types of base (all of which contain nitrogen): adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine (T). However, these nucleotides can link together in different combinations to form chains of infinite variety. This infinite variability enables DNA to store the genetic information for all the millions of organisms on Earth.
In April 1953, the biologist James Watson and the physicist Francis Crick published the first description of the structure of DNA in a letter to the journal "Nature". They showed a DNA molecule consisting of two interconnected chains, each of which is a single unbranched polynucleotide.
Watson and Crick's description of DNA was a landmark in science history. Since 1953, numerous investigations have confirmed the Watson-Crick model of DNA structure and shown that the sequence of bases along the polynucleotide chain forms the genetic code. The code determines the characteristics of an organism that are inherited from its parents. The sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA is the same for all organisms, from bacteria to whales, but the base sequence is very variable.
In the nineteenth century, Gregor Mendel's experiments on sweet peas showed that inheritance of characteristics depends on factors that are passed from one generation to another. These are what we now call genes. Each diploid organism can have two forms of the same gene.
Remarkably, each cell in an organism contains the genes required to determine all the characteristics of that whole organism. It has long been known that chromosomes carry inherited information, but originally no one knew for certain which component of chromosomes was responsible.
Each eukaryotic chromosome contains one very long molecule of DNA. Originally, it was considered that proteins were the carrier of inherited information. But it was not until the 1950s that scientists showed that the DNA part and not the protein part of cells was the genetic material. Since then, it has been shown that genetic information is contained in the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule.
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Выразите свое согласие или несогласие со следующими высказываниями, опираясь на информацию, полученную из текста.
1. In April 1953, the biologist James Watson and the physicist Francis Crick published the first description of polynucleotides.
2. The code determines the characteristics of an organism that are inherited from its parents.
3. The protein part of cells is the genetic material.
ОСНОВНАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА
1. Учебник английского языка для медицинских вузов. – 3-е изд. Испр. И доп. – М.: Лист Нью, 2002.- 336 с. / под ред. Масловой А.М
2. Ron Pickering. Complete Biology for IGCSE. Oxford University Press. 2006
3. Michael Kent. As Biology. Oxford University Press. 2007
ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА
1. R Murphy. English Grammar in Use, Cambridge University Press, 2012
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