Some Important Properties of Metals

Nbsp; С Уфимский государственный нефтяной технический университет, 2004

ПРОГРАММА

Основной целью заочного обучения студентов английскому языку в неязыковом вузе является формирование умения самостоятельно читать литературу по специальности с целью извлечения информации из иноязычных источников.

За курс обучения студент должен освоить следующий языковой материал:

1.ФОНЕТИЧЕСКИЙ МИНИМУМ. Звуковой строй английского языка, письменные символы (транскрипционные знаки) звуков, расхождение между написанием и произношением, ударение, особенности интонации.

2. ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЙ МИНИМУМ. За полный курс обучения студент должен запомнить 1000 лексических единиц, усвоить наиболее употребительные средства словообразования (основные суффиксы и префиксы тех или иных частей речи), а также расширить словарный запас за счет интернациональных слов, явления конверсии.

3. ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ МАТЕРИАЛ.

МОРФОЛОГИЯ

Имя существительное. Признаки имен существительных (артикли, предлоги, притяжательный падеж). Образование множественного числа существительных. Существительное в роли определения и его перевод на русский язык.

Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения. Сравнительные конструкции

the …the; as … as, not as … as.

Числительные. Количественные, порядковые. Чтение дат.

Местоимения. Личные местоимения (именительный и объектный падежи), притяжательные местоимения, возвратные и усилительные местоимения. Неопределенное местоимение one (one’s) и его функции. Some, any, no и их производные.

Глагол. Образование времен групп Simple, Continuous, Perfect. (Active and Passive Voice). Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do. Повелительное наклонение и его отрицательная форма. Использование глагола to let для выражения просьбы или приказания. Неличные формы глагола: инфинитив, его формы, функции, инфинитивные конструкции – объектный инфинитивный оборот, субъектный инфинитивный оборот; причастия 1 и II , их функции, формы, независимый причастный оборот; герундий и герундиальный оборот.

Строевые слова. Многофункциональность строевых слов it, that (those), one, because, because of, as, since, till, due to, provided, if, both, either, neither.

СИНТАКСИС.

Порядок слов утвердительного, отрицательного и вопросительного предложений. Оборот there is (are). Безличные предложения. Главное и придаточное предложение. Бессоюзное подчинение определительных и дополнительных придаточных предложений. Обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям.

4.Объем текстового материала, включая тексты контрольных заданий, должен равняться 5000 печатных знаков (около 30 стр.)

ОБРАЗЦЫ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ ЗАДАНИЙ

Образец №1

Ед. число Мн.число

This city is clean. These cites are clean.

There is a nice park in the city. There are nice parks in the city.

This is a nice film. These are nice films.

A farmer lives in the country. Farmers live in the country.

Образец №2

1.The earth and the moon form a part of the solar system.

form – глагол в Present Simple, 3 л. , ед. ч.

2.The earth and the moon have the form of a sphere.

form – существительное в ед.ч.

Образец №3

1.This plant produces tractors – Этот завод производит тракторы.

produces - Present Simple Active от глагола to produce.

2. Your English is getting better. – Твой английский становится лучше.

is getting – Present Continuous Active от глагола to get

Образец №4

1.Housing construction is carried out on a large scale in this country. – В нашей стране жилищное строительство ведется в больших масштабах.

is carried out - Present Simple Passive .

2. How many houses have you constructed. – Сколько домов вы построили?

have constructed – Present Perfect Active.

Образец №5

1.How many houses have you constructed? – Сколько домов вы построили?

constructed – причастие II, является частью глагола-сказуемого.

2.Building a house workers use different kinds of machines. – Строя дом, рабочие используют различную технику.

building – Причастие I в функции обстоятельства.

3.The workers building a new house in this street use different kinds of machines. – Рабочие, строящие новый дом на этой улице, используют различную технику.

building – Причастие I в функции определения.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 1

Грамматика: 1.Множественное число имен существительных. Артикли, предлоги. Притяжательный падеж Существительное в функции определения и его перевод. 2. Степени сравнения прилагательных. Сравнительные конструкции the … the, as… as, not as … as. 3. Числительные, даты.

4. Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, some, any, no и их производные. 5. Времена Simple (Active), Continuous (Active). Спряжение глагола to be. Повелительное наклонение. 6. Порядок слов. Оборот there is (are). 7. Словообразование.

Вариант 1.

1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Напишите их во множественном числе. (Образец №1)

1.This is a black pen. 2. This man lives next door.3. There is a child in the garden. 4.The cat is grey.

2. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите, какой частью речи являются подчеркнутые слова. (Образец №2)

1.Every year he plans to go to the country for a holiday. 2. Every year his plans remain just plans. 3. There is a lift in the house. 4. The crane lifts different elements of the house and puts them in place.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите, обращая внимание на особенности перевода существительных в роли определения.

1.What does he do? He deals with car export. 2. What does he do? He deals with export cars. 3. Air pollution problem is becoming worse and worse.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, переведите их.

1. My brother is three years younger than me.2. He is the best student in our group. 3. The better you get to know Pete the more you like him. 4. The city is as beautiful as it was 5 years ago.

5. Перепишите предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы подчеркнутых глаголов и укажите их инфинитив. Переведите предложения. (Образец №3)

1.The sun doesn’t go round the earth. 2. You may turn off the television, I’m notwatching it. 3. I’m not hungry. 4 The concert began at 7.00 and finished at 10 o’clock.

6. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 4, 5 абзацы.

Oxford

1.What is so special about Oxford and Cambridge, the two oldest English universities? Why do so many students want to study there?

2.Both of these university towns are very beautiful. They have some of the finest architecture in Britain. Some of their colleges, chapels and libraries are three, four and even five hundred years old, and are full of valuable books and precious paintings. Both towns have many lovely gardens, where the students can read and relax in the summer months.

3.Oxford is the older university of the two. The first of its colleges was founded in 1249. The university now has thirty-four colleges and about twelve thousand students, many of them from other countries. There were no women students at Oxford until 1878, when the first women’s college, Lady Margaret Hall, opened. Now, women study at most colleges.

4.Oxford is, of course, famous for its first-class education as well as its beautiful buildings. Some of the most intelligent men and women in the country live and work here. Oxford gives them what they need: a quiet atmosphere, friendly colleagues, and the four-hundred-year-old Bodleian library, which has about five million books.

5.It is not easy to get a place at Oxford University to study for a degree. But outside the university there are many smaller private colleges which offer less

difficult courses and where it is easy to enroll. Most students in these private schools take business, secretarial or English language courses.

Пояснения к тексту:

1.chapel – часовня

2.degree - степень

3.enroll – поступать

7.Перепишите следующие утверждения. Определите, какие из них соответствуют тексту, а какие нет. Напротив правильных предложений напишите “True” (верно).

1.Oxford is older than Cambridge.

2.There are no women students at Oxford.

3. It’s quite difficult to get a place at Oxford University.

Вариант 2

1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Напишите их во множественном числе. (Образец №1)

1.This is a new building. 2.A farmer plants potatoes in spring. 3.There is a nice picture on the wall. 4.Can you see that woman over there?

2.Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите, какой частью речи являются подчеркнутые слова. (Образец №2)

1.They are going to cut prices by 25% . 2.There will be a price cut by 25%. 3.He opened the door by force. 4. Nobody can force me to do that.

1. I’d like to live in a country house with a flower garden around it. 2. The garage roof needs repairing. 3. He knows English quite well. I think he won’t have any language problems in England.

4.Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, переведите их.

1.I know him better than anybody else. 2. It isn’t as cold today as it was yesterday. 3.This is the most harmful chemical. 4.The slower you speak English the easier me understand it.

1.How fast were you driving when the accident happened.2.Don’t put the dictionary away. I’m using it. 3.An architect is a person who designs buildings. 4.I’m sure you’ll pass your exam.

6. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2,3,4 абзацы

Scotland

1. Scotland is a part of the United Kingdom and is governed from London. Its area is 30,000 square miles (about 79,000 sq.km), the population is over five million people. About one third live in the cities of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Dundee. Scottish people speak English, although about 100,000 still speak Scottish Gaelic. Many of the Scottish accents of England are very strong, and visitors from abroad (or even England) sometimes have difficulty in understanding them.

2.Scotland is a very mountainous country: mountains with a great amount of moorland, in which few people live, occupy three-fourths of the area.

3.Scotland is famous for the beautiful large lakes, with mountains round them. They are not like the English ones: there are not so many trees and flowers, and green hills around them as in England.

4.There are many rivers in Scotland, but they are not long. The longest and the most important Scottish river is the Clyde.

5.Hills dominate in the northern part of Scotland, traditionally called the Highlands. Scottish lakes, called lochs, are long and narrow. In the past all those lochs joined the sea and some of them still do so. The largest and the most beautiful of all the lochs in Scotland is Loch Lomond, which has more than 30 beautiful islands. It lies within easy reach of Glasgow.

6.The most famous of the Scottish lochs, however, is Loch Ness, because of the mystery of the Loch Ness monster. The mystery of the Loch Ness monster attracts a large number of tourists bringing a lot of money to the region.

Пояснения к тексту:

1.accent – диалект

2.moorland – болотистая местность, покрытая вереском

7. Перепишите следующие утверждения. Определите, какие из них соответствуют тексту, а какие нет. Напротив правильных предложений напишите “True” (верно).

1.Scottish people do not like English lakes.

2.Scottland has many lochs and rivers.

3.Loch Ness is a great tourist attraction.

Вариант 3

1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Напишите их во множественном числе. (Образец №1)

1.This book is quite interesting. 2.Is there a lift in this house? 3. A match breaks. 4.The man over there is our English teacher.

1.Man needs electricity for industrial uses. 2. He uses electricity for his needs. 3.The garage houses twenty cars. 4.We have larger rooms in our new houses.

1.He works for the Moscow region newspaper. 2.This method is widely used in bridge construction. 3.They discussed bridge construction methods.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, переведите их.

1.He is the oldest in the family. 2.He lives further than I thought. 3.Jack isn’t as old as he looks. 4.The more expensive the hotel, the better the service.

1.When I last saw Alan he was trying to find a job. 2.Don’t put the dictionary away. I need it. 3.I won’t tell anybody what you said. 4.Please, be quieter. I’mworking.

6. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 3, 4 абзацы

London

1.London is the capital of Great Britain. London has a population of about 6,770,000. It lies on the River Thames, where the Romans landed nearly 2,000 years ago. From about 1800 until World War Two, London was the biggest city in the world, but now there are many cities, which are much bigger.

2.London is famous for many things. Ten million people visit London every year to see its places of interest. They come from all over the world to visit its historic buildings, such as St. Paul’s Cathedral, which has a huge dome, and the Houses of Parliament, where you can see and hear the famous clock, Big Ben. Across the road from the Houses of Parliament is Westminster Abbey. It is one of the most beautiful buildings in London. The Tower of London is one of the most interesting places. It was a fortress, a royal residence, a prison, now it is a museum.

Tourists also come to visit its theatres, its museums, and its many shops, such as Harrods, where you can buy anything.

3.Like many big cities, London has problems with traffic and pollution. Over 1,000,000 people a day use the London Underground, but there are still too many cars on the streets. The air isn’t clean, but it is cleaner than it was 100 years ago. Until the Clean Air Act in 1956, London was famous for its fog or “smog”, which is a mixture of smoke and fog.

4.The best thing about London is the parks. The most beautiful ones are all in the centre.

Пояснения к тексту:

1.the Romans – римляне

2. place of interest – достопримечательность

3.St.Paul’s Cathedral – собор Святого Павла

4.the Houses of Parliament – палаты парламента, здание парламента

5.Westminster Abbey – Вестминстерское аббатство

6.Harrods – известный в Лондоне супермаркет

7. Underground – метро

8.the Clean Air Act – закон о чистом воздухе

7. Перепишите следующие утверждения. Определите, какие из них соответствуют тексту, а какие нет. Напротив правильных предложений напишите “True” (верно).

1.London had a population of about 6,770.000 people 2000 years ago.

2.London is the biggest city in the world.

3.London is situated on the banks of the River Thames.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №2

Грамматика: 1.Времена группы Simple (Indefinite) – активный залог.

2.Времена группы Continuous – активный залог. 3. Времена группы Perfect –

активный залог. 4. Времена группы Simple (Indefinite) – пассивный залог. Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций. 5.Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты – can – be able to; must – have to, be to, should. 6. Причастие 1 и Причастие II (простые формы) в функциях определения и обстоятельства. 7.Придаточные предложения условия и времени.

Вариант 1

1.Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. (Образец №4)

1.We have found that the nucleus of the atom is a tremendous storehouse of energy. 2. Rapid sand filters were developed in the U.S. in 1900-1910. 3. Mendeleyev tried to find some system of classifying the elements whose properties he was describing. 4. As a rule a new discovery is followed by intensive research work of other scientists.

2.Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните причастие 1

(Participle 1) и причастие II (Participle II) и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения. (Образец №5)

1.The degree of treatment required will depend upon the nature of the water. 2.Much attention is given to the planning of new cities. 3.They stayed at home refusing to go anywhere that day. 4.He is taking part in the construction of the channel linking the two seas.

3.Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения.

1.We have to get some first-hand information about our future partners. 2. My visit is to last a few weeks. 3.Somebody stole my car but the police were able to find it. 4.Water should be suitable for domestic uses.

4.Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2,3 абзацы.

Some Important Properties of Metals

1.Why are metals of such importance for man’s life? The answer to this must be found in their characteristic properties. The most important of these is strength, which means that metals can withstand weight without bending and breaking. They are also corrosion-resistant and may assume different shapes, which distinguishes them from many other classes of materials. Some metals also have other special properties, two of which are conductivity and the property to be magnetized.

2.Strength is of great importance for most industrial purposes. That is why steel is widely used in modern industry. We know that steel constructions are used not only for building ships, planes and engines but also in building industry as well as for producing tubes, pipes, etc. For this purpose, engineers often use special kinds of steel.

3.As iron and steel are used more often than any other metal, we usually divide metallurgical materials into two classes: ferrous metals and non-ferrous ones.

4.We know that engineers use copper and aluminium for conducting electric current since these metals offer less resistance to it than ferrous metals do. A copper wire offers less resistance to current than an aluminium wire of the same size does. But due to its lighter weight aluminium offers less resistance per unit of weight.

Пояснения к тексту

a) as well as – а также

b) offer less resistance - оказывают меньше сопротивления

c) due to - благодаря

6. Прочитайте 4 абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Перепишите вопрос и укажите правильный вариант ответа.

Why do engineers use copper and aluminium for conducting electric current?

1.Because these metals do not offer electrical resistance.

2.Since they are stronger than ferrous metals.

3.Because they offer less resistance to electric current than other metals.

Вариант 2

1. The new tenants (жильцы) were shown a three-room flat ready for occupation. 2.I have been in construction for many years. 3. An average 5-storey house is assembled in just 3 months. 4. We had discussed all the questions when he came to our meeting.

2.Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните причастие 1

1.He heard the voices coming through the open window. 2. The explanation given was not complete. 3. When burnt coal produces heat. 4.He said he had already translated the article.

1.Before erecting a house a lot of planning work has to be done. 2. Foundation is to keep the floors and walls from contact with the soil. 3. We missed the bus but we were able to come back by the 7 o’clock train. 4. When I entered the room I could hear some noise.

4.Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,3,4,5 абзацы.

Parts of a Building

1. Houses are built of wood, brick, stone and concrete. All the parts of such houses are produced on an industrial scale in factories and assembled on the spot. In the construction of a house the first step is to make a careful survey of the site and to examine the soil in order to find its bearing power. Next the building lines are staked out. After this the foundations are built. The excavation is dug for the basement and then followed by the building of the foundation walls below ground level. Foundations are to keep the floors and walls from contact with the soil, to act against the action of frost and to prevent from settlement.

2.The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the framework. It carries the loads, which are imposed on it. The designer determines the size of the

walls, the floor joists, the beams, the girders and the parts, which make up the framework. He also decides how they are to be spaced and arranged.

3.The building of a wall consists in laying down courses of bricks and bonding them together with mortar. Walls are constructed to enclose areas and to support the weight of floors and roofs. The walls may be solid and hollow. Besides brick, stone, concrete and other natural and artificial materials are used for the construction of walls.

5.Floors divide the building into stages or storeys. They may be of timber or may be constructed of fire-resisting materials.

6.The whole structure is crowned by the roof, which covers the building and protects it from exposure to the weather. It ties the walls and gives strength to the structure.

6. Прочитайте 2 абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Перепишите вопрос и укажите правильный вариант ответа.

What does the stability of the building depend on?

1.Size of the walls.

2. Framework.

3.The designer.

Вариант 3

1.Bricks have been in constant use everywhere in every sort of construction. 2.Is 2 o’clock tomorrow OK with you? - I’m sorry, I’ll be papering the walls. Let’s meet some other time. 3.An important part in the history of building was played by the column. 4.Is your house looked after when you are on holiday?

2.Перепишите следующие предложения ; подчеркните причастие 1

1.While waiting for him I looked through the magazines lying on the table.

2. The results obtained were of great importance. 3. When reconstructed the theatre looked more beautiful than before. 4.I shall still be translating the article when you come.

1.You’ll have to wait until I finish. 2.I’m to visit New York and Washington .3.I should show this letter to my boss. 4. After a lot of discussion they were able to solve this problem.

4.Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,3 ,4 абзацы.

The Building of a New City

1.The building of a new city is a very complex undertaking. It is a job involving scores of state institutions and a host of specialists - architects, economists, engineers, geographers, sociologists, hygienists, demographers, and many others. Their first concern is the siting of the new town. They take into account the distance from the source of raw materials, the available transport facilities and ties with other inhabited localities. But that is far from all. The experts must appraise the climate, the microclimate, the vegetation, the soil and subsoil and the terrain. Special methods have been evolved for assessing sites with regard to microclimate and civil engineering requirements.

2.The first-comers to the selected site are the geodesists. They have to survey the site and produce a detailed topographical plan. This will show the designers the nature of the terrain and the existence of bodies of water and areas covered with vegetation. When the topographical plan is completed it is the turn of the architects to decide where to deploy the industrial enterprises, where best develop housing, and which patches should be preserved for recreation zones.

3. A modern city is a complex organism. To ensure the necessary interrelations between its different elements, the city is divided into sections, each with its own purpose, such as the production zone, the housing areas, the communal centre and the recreation zone. The architects call this the functional zoning of urban territory.

4.But, however well organized any separate part of the city may be, it won’t function properly if all the sections lack interconnecting links. The main thing is that the production areas must be so deployed in relation to the housing projects that people spend the minimum time traveling to and from work.

Пояснения к тексту

1.siting – местоположение, размещение

2.with regard to - относительно, в отношении

3.bodies of water - водоемы

4.functional zoning – функциональное зонирование

6. Прочитайте 2 абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Перепишите вопрос и укажите правильный вариант ответа.

Who comes first to the site after it has been selected?

1. A host of specialists.

2. Architects.

3. Geodesists.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №3

Грамматика: 1) грамматические функции и значение слов one, that, it

2)пассивный залог времен Simple (Indefinite), Continuous, Perfect .3) функции глаголов to be, to have, to do; 4) простые формы инфинитива; инфинитив в функции подлежащего, составной части сказуемого, определения, обстоятельства цели; 5) бессоюзное подчинение определительных и дополнительных придаточных предложений.

Вариант 1

1.Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. (Образец №4)

1.The experiment has been carried out successfully, and the results will soon be published. 2.As far as I know the experiment is being carried out. 3. This experiment is much spoken about. 4.This experiment was followed by another one.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1.One has to keep to the left when driving in Great Britain. 2.He said that that “that” that is before the noun is a pronoun.3.It is precast concrete construction that cut the time needed to put up a house.

3.Перепишите предложения, переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1.He didn’t do anything to help him with his work. 2.They have been in construction for many years. 3.The experiment is to be carried out in December.

4.Перепишите следующие предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на отсутствие союзов в придаточных предложениях.

1.The part the stability of the building depends on is the framework. 2.He said he had already translated the text

5.Перепишите предложения и переведите, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1.If the beam is too long its weight makes it bend and even break. 2.The first step to take is to cut working hours. 3.To improve your English you should go to an English speaking country and practise as much as possible. 4. To know English well means to be able to communicate with the English people.

6.Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Переведите письменно 1,2,3,4,5 абзацы.

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