NEW AREA OF APPLICATION FOR PRECAST CONSTRUCTION
1) For the floor system, the “floor for installations”, the installation conduits are laid in the loadbearing structure. In this way, the structural height required for accommodating the installation conduits can be used for the loadbearing structure. Furthermore, the span can be increased and the total height of the floor can be reduced.
2) The loadbearing construction height is 70 cm and can span floor bays of 12m x 12m. Here, the weight and building-physical properties correspond to those of a floor of 20cm height; however, the latter canonlybe spannedover a maximum of 7m.
3) The target value for the span should beless than 8m, as larger spans create solid floors with proportionately larger own weights and become uneconomical. All building-services conduits can be laid within the loadbearing construction.
4) The sound insulation behaviour can be assumedto equal that of a reinforced-concrete slab of 20cm thickness with false ceiling or that of a conventional floor.
5) The loadbearing construction can berapidly and simply formedusing individual partly precast parts.
6) There is no need for complex formwork. The precast units can be loadedimmediately after installation. After concreting, a floor substructure can be castin the area of the continuous upper cord on which large-sized wooden boards can formthe construction site floor. Upon completion of the interior work, a conventional floor structure or false ceiling panels can be built onto this substructure.
II. Look through the text. Use the following modal and notional verbs in the correct form. Translate the text:
EVALUATION OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND CORROSION PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR DURABILITY IN TECHNICAL WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
1) The wastewater treatment systems … (be to, design) to resist the physical and chemical actions to which they will be exposed for a targeted service life of approximately 100 years. In specific cases, additional protective measures for the concrete … (may, require) to reach this objective.
2) The corrosive chemical substances that … (can, damage) technical wastewater systems on the inside, as well as on the outside, depending on the materials used … (can, classify) into organic substances (e.g. aliphatic, aromatic or halogenated hydrocarbons).
3) The spectrum of construction materials and protection systems for technical wastewater systems is highly complex. While the resistances of the various systems to mechanical actions are generally sufficiently well known, the chemical resistances … (can, predict) due to a lack of reliable findings.
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4) Cement-bound materials such as, e.g., concretes, … never (can, engineer) to become totally resistant to the aggressive actions of acids; at best, the resistance to such actions … (can, increase). Here it … (must, keep) in mind that in conventional concrete is already durably resistant to the permanent exposure to, for example, communal wastewaters with pH value that is not very low. This resistance … (must, increase).
5) To increase the density of the cement stone structure, not only the aggregate sizes … (should, grade), but the granulometric composition of the binders … (should, adjust) to each other.
6) High acid resistance is a typical characteristic of high performance concrete. To obtain the desired properties reliably, special attention … (must, give) during production to high uniformness of the initial constituents, as well as when weighing in the individual components. Special care … (must, take) to ensure that this concrete does not segregate during placement. This … (can, ensure) by reducing the drop height.
III. Translate the highlighted modal verbs into English. Pay attention to the active and passive forms of the modal verbs. Translate the text:
INFLUENCE OF CEMENT-ADMIXTURE INTERACTION ON THE RHEOLOGY OF MORTAR AND CONCRETE
1) During mass production of concrete elements in a precast plant and during large concrete jobs on construction sites it … может случится (happen) that the rheological parameters of concrete change drastically during concrete production when a new cement delivery is used.
2) High yield cement … может быть определен (to define) as a cement which generates a yield stress higher than the average yield stress plus the standard deviation within the test series.
3) Particularly SCC, with its high cement content and high admixture dosage … может находиться под воздействием (to affect) by cement admixture interaction.
4) The cement is coming from the same plant and the same production line. Various difficulties on construction sites … могут быть вызваны(to cause) by cement-admixture interaction.
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5) The effect of the distinct cement deliveries in mortar and concrete … можно увидеть(to see) that mortar and concrete correlate rather well.
6) The variations in concrete were somewhat lower than in mortar. This … могло бы иметь отношение (to relate) to the relatively high admixture dosage in SCC mix and the delayed addition of the admixture to the concrete.
IV. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Perfect Infinitive with the modal verbs:
1) They may have studied better. 2) They might have studied better. 3) The Pyramids must have been built 5 000 years ago. 4) He could have got an interesting job advertised in the newspaper. 5) It didn’t rain yesterday. I needn’t have taken an umbrella. 6) He couldn’t have forgotten his new idea. 7) The meeting can have started on time. 8) You should have come to the meeting beforehand. 9) Could he have spent so much time in the lab? 10) She must have defended the theses that spring.
V. Change the following expressions of advice into criticism of a past action by changing the form of the Infinitive:
Model:You shouldn’t say such things (present). – You shouldn’t have said such things (past).
1) He shouldn’t speak so long at the conference. 2) She shouldn’t lose such a good job. 3) They shouldn’t miss classes. 4) We shouldn’t send him on a business trip. 5) You shouldn’t neglect safety rules at the plant.
VI. Criticize the actions below according to the model (work in pairs):
Model:-I forgot to tell you about the conference. – a) You should have told me about the conference. B) You shouldn’t have forgotten about the conference.
1) I left my papers at home. 2) He wasn’t ready for the examination. 3) She didn’t take part in the general discussion. 4) I didn’t read enough books to finish the idea in the article. 5) Their project suffered several technical setbacks.
VII. Circle the correct perfect forms of the modal verbs:
MICHAEL DELL
How 1) must he have/could he havemanaged to become the youngest CEO of one of the largest American companies? Michael Dell’s company – Dell Computer Corporation – now earns more than $50 million on a daily basis! It sells computers all over the world. You may even have a Dell computer at home!
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How did he do it? It 2) mustn’t have/can’t havebeen easy, especially when he’d been told at school that he wouldn’t get anywhere in life! He 3)could have been/can’t have been discouraged, but he wasn’t.
He was an average student who was interested in computers like lots of other teenagers. He 4)must have been/can’t have been a bit different, though, because one day he brought a computer home and started to take it apart. He then reassembled it just to see if he could. At university he started building computers for his fellow students.
He dropped out of college and never looked back. He managed to fulfil his dream of making and selling computers. In 1984 with only $1,000, he started his own company. His parents 5) needn’t have worried/shouldn’t have worriedas he went on to become a successful businessman.
UNIT IV
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