Способы перевода различных форм причастия на русский язык
Причастие
(The Participle)
Диагностический тест
Отметьте предложения ниже - верные(R) или неверные(W)- и исправьте ошибки.
| 1 | Being heating magnetized steel loses its magnetism. | |
| 2 | The new measuring instrument being developed in this laboratory will be tested by that engineer. | |
| 3 | The oscillations being produced in the antenna are weak. | |
| 4 | New data obtaining are necessary for nature investigations. | |
| 5 | Molecules of even a good insulator acted upon by electric field produce a motion of electrons due to the field. | |
| 6 | The operation of the received station influenced by a number of factors was discussed by engineers. | |
| 7 | The generation of electricity from magnetism dealt with by Faraday was a very important scientific discovery. | |
| 8 | Having been lost the address of her cousin’s new flat, she couldn’t come to see her. | |
| 9 | The site having been choosing, many houses are being built there. | |
| 10 | Without using superconducting materials it was impossible to perfect this operating system. |
Причастие – это неличная форма глагола, которая выполняет синтаксические функции прилагательного и наречия. В английском языке существует два вида причастия: причастие настоящего времени – причастие первое и причастие прошедшего времени – причастие второе (пассивное).
| Present Participle –причастие первое Participle I | Past Participle-причастие второе Participle II | ||
| S I M P L E | Active | Passive | Changed измененный |
| Changing 1)изменяющий (-ся) изменивший(-ся) 2)изменяя(-сь) | Being changed 1)изменяемый, - который изменяется 2) будучи изменяемым | ||
| P E R F E C T | Having changed Изменив (-шись) | Having been changed Будучи измененным | |
Participle I
1.Образование: основа глагола + ing
2.Переводится действительным причастием или деепричастием:plugging-вставляющий, вставляя; processing-обрабатывающий,обрабатывая;
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3.Кроме простых форм имеются сложные формы причастия первого.
4.Причастие разряда Simple передает одновременность с действием глагола –сказуемого ,перфект передает предшествование действию глагола –сказуемого.
Participle II
1.Образование: основа правильных глаголов + ed
2.Переводится страдательным причастием: switched-переключенный; built-in-встроенный
Функции причастия
Обладая признаками прилагательного, глагола и наречия, причастие может выполнять функции определения, сказуемого, обстоятельства.
| Функция | Место в предложении | Пример | ||
| Определение | место перед определяемым словом | All homes in developed countries have one or more TV sets and in many countries there are considerably more TV sets than telephones. The current generated flows through the circuit. | ||
| после определяемого слова 3)причастие второе, стоящее после определяемого слова, может также вводить зависимый причастный оборот (причастие с зависимыми словами) | The units used to measure time space and mass are called fundamental units. | |||
| если за причастием вторым, стоящим в позиции после определяемого слова, следует глагол – сказуемое , то при переводе на русский язык определение выносится в позицию перед определяемым словом | The current generated flows through the circuit | |||
| Обстоятельство
| причастному обороту в функции обстоятельства времени может предшествовать союзы when или while .Такие причастные обороты переводятся на русский язык полным обстоятельственным предложением; деепричастным оборотом; существительным с предлогом при. | 1.Any body when heated to a high temperature becomes a source of light. 2.While introducing new words the teacher gave some examples. | ||
| 2)Причастие второе в сочетании с союзом if , unless (если не, до тех пор пока), when переводится на русский язык условным придаточным предложением | Unless repairedthis part can not be used in the radio set. | |||
| Сказуемое | причастие первое служит для образования сложной структуры сказуемого во временах группы Progressive ,Perfect Progressive. | Many complex problems can be solved with the help of computers. | ||
| причастие второе служит для образования сказуемого во времени Perfect и для образования сложной структуры сказуемого в страдательном залоге | The latest laser devises have found application in medicine. |
Задание 1. Образуйте формы причастия первого от следующих глаголов; прочитайте и переведите полученные слова на русский язык:
Invent, transform, generate, pollute, tell, plan, bite, shut, level, die, expel, rise, and split.
Задание 2.Образуйте формы причастия второго от следующих глаголов, прочитайте и переведите их на русский язык:complete, replace, build, execute, run, process, work, open, ask, study, want, close, decide, help, stay, clean, become.
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Задание 3.Определите, какие формы, и какие виды причастий использованы в нижеследующих предложениях:
1.These applications have made electricity most widely used. 2.One of the greatest advantages of electricity is that it is clean, easily regulated and generates no by-products. 3.In a digital system the usual continuous signal is replaced by a digital code containing detailed information on brightness, colour, etc. 3.Once a week you put the programs you like into the memory, and the TV set will automatically switch on the desired channel at the right time. 4.Research in superconductors became especially active since a discovery made in 1986 by IBM scientists in Zurich. 5.In all leading laboratories throughout the world superconductors of critical temperature 10Kand higher were obtained. 6.The film could be used in the microscopic circuitry of advanced computers as high-speed pathway between computer chips. Similarly, a 100 % efficient electric motor has been proposed using the magnetic field of superconducting coils. 7.Person writing the program does not have to know anything about the computer the program will be run on. 8.The Internet is a magnetic global network with millions and millions of computers and people connected to one another. 8. A special program known as “browser” can help you find news, pictures, virtual museums, electronic magazines, etc and print Web pages. 9. Having read the book I remembered my own childhood.10. The cinema theatre being built here will be the largest in the Moscow.11. Having been told to wait she waited .12. Having obtained interesting results they continued to carry out this experiment. 13. When heated the molecules move more intensely .14. Having been manufactured the tools were packed and sent to addressee.
Задание 4.Найдите причастия, предложения переведите:
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1.We need highly developed electronics and new materials to make superconductors. 2. New alloys have appeared during the last decades, among them a magnesium-lithium alloy developed by our scientists. 3.We are carried by airplanes, trains and cars with built-in electronic devices. 4.Computer components produced should be very clean. 5.Many countries have cable TV, a system using wires for transmitting TV programs. 6.The fifth generation computers performing 100 billion operations a second will become available in the near future. 7.A videophone has a device, which allows us to see a room and the face of the person speaking. 8.New technologies reduce the number of workers needed. 9.Having started the laws of gravity, Newton was able to explain the structure of Universe. 10.Being more efficient than human beings, computers are used more and more extensively.
Задание 5.Определите, что обозначает причастие в следующих предложениях:
· одновременность с действием глагола – сказуемого – актив
· одновременность с действием глагола-сказуемого - пассив
· предшествование действию глагола-сказуемого-актив
· предшествование действию глагола- сказуемого – пассив
1.The program being executed is written in assembly language. 2. The program written by assembly language is called an assembler. 3.Having executed an instruction, the program failed. 4.Having been executed the programs were considered to be perfect ones. 5. Working at home, it is reasonable to use a portable computer. 6. Having made the necessary changes, they got down to business. 7.When testing the new model, the group used the most modern methods of control. 8.When tested, the model broke down.
Задание 6. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на выделенные фрагменты, демонстрирующие употребление причастий в функции определения:
1.Perifirals are the units connected to the CPU|: input devices, output devices and storage devices. 2.The simplest and most common type of input device is a keyboard, containing a typewriter keyboard. 3.The vibrating quartz crystal is controlled by minute electronic circuits. 4.This discovery was completely unexpected phenomenon. 5. In all leading laboratories throughout the world superconductors of critical temperature 100 K and higher were obtained. 6.Other types of electromagnets made with superconductors could be used to lower the cost of electric generation and storage. 7.Reseachers now estimate that tiny but immensely powerful high speed computers usingsuperconductors may be three to five years away. 8.Memory cells made of superconducting materials could store information indefinitely. 9.Transforners could be made with windings cooled to the low temperature at which superconductivity occurs. 10. Programs written in one of these languages should be converted by means of a compiler into a lower-level language or machine code so that the CPU could understand it. 11.A device called videocodec takes the picture, digitalizes it for transmission over a special network and reforms the picture at the other end. 12. The substance formed had all necessary properties.13. The rapidly rising steam filled the laboratory. 14. The given theory is of great importance for us. 15. What do you think of the method being used?
Задание 7. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление причастий в функции обстоятельств:
1.Hence, a superconductor is a solid material that abruptly loses all resistance to the flow of electric current when cooledbelow a characteristics temperature. 2. Having designed car radar, the engineers started complex tests. 3.While drivinga car one should be very attentive. 4.Having been tested, the computer system was installed at a plant. 5.The synthetic magnet has a lot of valuable qualities that can be changed, if desired. 6.Having been heated, the substance changed its properties. 7. Being provided with batteries an electric car can develop a speed of 50 miles an hour. 8. When mass produced, electric cars will help solve ecological problems of big cities. 9. When completed in 1897, Jefferson’s building was the largest and costliest library in the World. 10.Though being a school teacher of mathematics all his life, Tsiolcovsky concentrated his attention on man’s travel into space. 11.If compared to today’s TV program, the first black –and –white pictures were rather bad. 12.While being a teacher of deaf people Bell became interested in sound and in transmission. 13.Though discovered, Newton’s mistake had no influence on his theory. 14.While working at a new transmitter for deaf people Bell invented a telephone. 15.If heated to 100 ˚ C, water turns into steam. 16. Unless treated properly the material will not be a good insulator.17. When put into service this automatic power station will have a capacity of 1,500, 000 kilowatt.18. If cooled this solution can be used in this experiment .19. Being heated solids expand not too much as compared with liquids .20. A body at rest remains at rest …unless acted upon by an external force.21. Having written the translation he consulted a dictionary.
Способы перевода различных форм причастия на русский язык
| Формы причастия | Переводить причастием | Переводить деепричастием |
| Reading | читающий | читая |
| Having read | - | прочитав |
| Being read | читаемый (т.е. который читают) | будучи читаемым будучи прочитанным |
| Having been read | - | будучи прочитанным |
| Read | прочитанный | - |
| Building | строящий | строя |
| Having built | - | построив |
| Being built | строящийся | будучи строящимся будучи построенным |
| Having been built | - | будучи построенным |
| built | построенный | - |
Задание 8.Какую форму вы бы использовали при переводе предложений?
1.Читая английские книги, я всегда пользуюсь словарем. 2.Прочитав книгу, он отнес ее в библиотеку . 3.Книга, прочитанная мною вчера, очень интересна.
Задание 9.Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык, используя правильную форму причастия.
| Письмо, полученное вчера | Просматривая журналы | Написав письмо |
| Получая письмо | Просмотрев журналы | Девочка, пишущая письмо |
| Получив письмо | Журнал, просмотренный вчера | Письмо, написанное мною |
| Мальчик, получающий письмо | Человек, просматривающий журнал |
| система, использованная ученым | проблема, решенная программистом |
| используя систему | решая проблему |
| использовав систему | решив проблему |
| ученый, использующий систему | программист, решающий проблему |
| обработанная информация | |
| обрабатывая информацию | |
| пользователь, обрабатывающий информацию | |
| обработав информацию | |
Задание 10. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия.
1.A person in Moscow talking on the phone with Vladivostok must know that this conversation is carried on through satellite. 2.In factories and plants we are surrounded with electronically controlled machines and instruments. 3.We are carried by airplanes, ships, trains and cars with built-in electronic devices, and satellites circle the globe. 4.The center of the electronic world is a tiny silicon plate of a few square millimeters, an integrated circuit, or a chip, as it is more commonly known. 5.The fifth generation computers performing 100 billion operations a second will become available in the near future. 6.A disk is a storage devise made of flat circular plates with magnetizable surfaces. 7.A floppy disc, also called diskette, is a disc made of flexible plastic material upon which data are stored on magnetic tracks. 8.Tracks are areas marked on the surface of a disk. 9.An extra copy on a floppy disk is called a back-up copy, a copy of data or software, usually kept in case the original disk is damaged or destroyed. 10. An icon is a small picture representing an object, process or function. 11.A laptop is a portable computer weighing about 2-4 kg. 12.Ceramics cutting tools have been in use for some time. 13.Simirlaly, a 100 % efficient electric motor has been proposed using the magnetic field of superconducting coils. 14. Having been shown the wrong direction, the travelers soon lost their way.
Задание 11.Переведите следующие причастия и деепричастия на русский язык.
Приносящий, принося, принесенный, принеся, переводя, переведя, переводящий, переведенный, давая, написав, читающий, берущий, данный, прочитав, сделанный, пьющий, сказанный, будучи потерянным, нарисовав, написавший, делая, взятый, взяв, рисуя, выпитый, сделав, идя, пишущий, прочитанный, дав, рисующий, делающий, нарисованный, выпив, говорящий, беря, написанный, читая, идущий, дающий, сказав, сидевший, посмотрев, будучи забыт, строящий, строящийся, играя, поиграв, рассказанный, рассказавший, видя, принесший, будучи принесенным, построенный, продав.
Задание 12. Переведите словосочетания на русский язык, пользуясь словарем. Обратите внимание на Participle II:
Computer-assisted, summer born, college-bred, Eton-bred, interrupt caused, plastic –coated, program-controlled, air-cooled, man-created, virus-damaged, amateur-designed, battery-driven, capacity-filled, signal-generated, program-installed, buffer-linked, man-made, hardware-maintained, error-protected.
Задание 13. Найдите причастия в каждом предложении:
1) London is not only the center of commerce & finance but also a great port, with many of the imported &exported goods passing through it.
2) There are ten executive departments under the US president, the head of these departments forming a council known as the President’s cabinet.
3) Besides these executive departments, there are many independent offices, the National Aeronautics & Space Administration being among them.
4) The English spoken by most educated people in Britain is known as the Queen’s English or Standard English. It is the English taught in universities and schools.
5) When crossing the street in London, look first to the right, then to the left.
6) A digital computer computes using the numbers –digits.
7) These computers performing more than 100 000 000 000 operations per second.
8) A digital computer computes using “yeses” and ”noes” expressed usually in 1’s and 0’s.
Задание 14. Составьте вопросительные предложения из приведенных ниже слов и словосочетаний:
1) Along the ground / of signal / part / how / is / traveling / called?
2) Change / what / bending / radio / waves / does?
3) Is / more / and / electronics / being / used / why / more?
4) Attracted to / are / where / charged / negatively / ions?
Задание 15. Задайте друг другу вопросы, пользуясь нижеприведенными предложениями:
Ask him⁄ her
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