Chapter3. Main constitutional functions of the Government
The functions in political direction.
The general politics of the Government comes true in an innumerable series of acts normative and administrative. They are adopted not only by the Government meant in his nature, but also by the President of the Council, the interdepartmental Committees and, more rarely, the single Ministers.
A series of government acts:
a) Acts relative to the definition of the political platform and programmatic, on which the Government asks for the trust, as well as to his following specifications, integration or modifications.
b) Acts by means of which the Government exercises his action within the bounds of international relations: the treaties and the international agreements, the acts through which does he ensure the development of the relations for himself to the interior of the European Union, the attitudes assumed in relation to the relations with other states and to the organism supranational.
c) In theme of military politics, there are considered the powers of the Council of the defense with regard to the definition of the criteria and of directives for the organization and the coordination of the activities that they regard the national defense, as well as the possible government acts of transposition of the same ones.
d) In theme of politics of the public certainty, the powers are numbered of President of the Council, helped by the interdepartmental Committee for information and the certainty, in the definition of the addresses and of objectives to be pursued in this sector; there are considered the powers of Government “questions about public order”.
e) The relations entertained by the Government with the religious confessions, with union organizations of the public use, as well as with representative organizations of the trade unions and of the tendency to form associations economic.
f) The power of legislative initiative of the Government, besides facilitated give different powers of which he has the course of the legislative progress.
g) The bill relative to the preventive budget and all the government acts that precede it or accompany it (the programming document financial and economic, the bills relative to the budget, to the financial law and to the connected laws, the anticipatory relation and programmatic).
h) Within the bounds of the relations with the regional autonomies, the President ofCouncil adopts directives to address the activity of the Prefects of regional chief town based on the addresses determined by the Council of Ministers.
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i) The legislation, kind in the sector of the sectorial programming,it foresees often that the Government in such all that or interdepartmental Committees adopt acts of directive addressed to other organs or subjects of the public one administration.
j) The directive power to the companies of management of the public participation.
k) The legislative power delegate or execute in urgency of road.
l) The execution of the power of resort from the Government to the bodies of ordinary, administrative or constitutional justice.[29]
The administrative functions.
Even if the greatest part of the administrative functions of the Government is constituted the functions of the single Ministers, still the President of the Council and Council of the Ministers they are also holders of important administrative functions: those that aim at running in unitary way the ministerial functions, to cancel extraordinarily the illegitimate administrative acts.[30]
Above all, the President of the Council and the Council of the Ministers they are regular of the most numerous other administrative powers, which find their origin in many laws. It is up to the Council of the Ministers to rule on the appointment, at proposal of the Minister competing, general secretaries of the Ministries and of the managers put before to “structures you move to their interior in general managerial offices”; appointment that will be formalized in a decree of the President of the Republic. The tasks of vertex of other offices of direction of general managerial level are conferred by them with decree of the President of the Council, at proposal of the competent Minister. It looks after itself of charges to determinate time (alone up to three years), revocable “in the hypotheses of managerial responsibilities”. The tasks of competence of the Council of the Ministers “they stop courses ninety days with the vow of trust to the Government”.[31]
The Council of the Ministers names the share of the membersof the Court of Auditors and of Council of State of concern of the Government.
To the President of the Council, more commonly, is entrusted to the Council of the Ministers appointment of the members of the bodies of the greatest public bodies, agencies, companies or of operating collective bodies close to the public administration.
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In point of management of the public budget, the Government is the regular powers subject that is very significant, either here it refers to the phase of the temporary exercise, or here itself report to the phase of the management of the law of budget.[32]
In theme of government of the monetary sector and of functioning of the credit sector,weight of the Government is decisive and it passes preskillfully through a complex of I refer between Minister of the Economy, Bank of Italy and CICR.
In almost all the sectors in which they have been able programming - planning adopted children, powers have been attributed to the Government or to important interdepartmental Committees of specification and accomplishment.
As for the administrative powers of the single Ministers they correspond to those their attributed from legislative dispositions and to all the attributions of the organizational apparatus to which they are top-priority: the Minister has the juridical tools to run the activity of it officiates him depending and to guarantee the full conformity of the behave of them, it officiates to the legislative and regulation prescriptions, as well as to his directives. Besides, the Minister is a headmaster of all the collective vertex bodies or consultative ofthe Ministry, as well as the Companies that are constituted close to the Ministry itself.
The normative functions.
All the matter of the normative acts of the Government has been re-disciplined by The Law 400/1988. An obligation of qualification has been introduced for all these normative acts and that they have to be named from time to time “I decree an obligation legislative”, “decree reads” o I "regulate", in addition to the act by means of which they are adopted. This innovation is aimed to reduce the doubts about the type of act that the Government puts in being.[33]
The legislative functions.
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The legislative delegation to the Government is admitted by The Article 76 of the Constitution where the law of Parliament (named a delegation law) determines the object of the delegation itself, the term within which the Government will be able to execute the delegate legislative function, normative beginnings and the guiding criteria that the Government will have to respect in dictating new discipline provided with strength of law.[34]
This is admitted that is only the delegation can adopt an act with law strength in the sectors in which does one consider that the government seat is fitter than one parliamentary.
The legislative delegation is always revocable from the Parliament, in explicit way but also implicit through the execution by the Parliament the legislative power previously delegated. On the other hand, it is considered that the Government, I save expressed different forecast, exhaust the power delegated with the adoption of a decreelegislative, without being able then again exercise(one delegates to put in being oneact with law strength, not to exercise for a determinate period the functionlegislative).
Thecorrective delegations (the insertion of clauses that they allow to the Government ofto correct, within a long term, a law or the same legislative decree that isdelegated to adopt) are licit only if punctually disciplined, but they cannot be equivalent to a kind of generic attribution of the legislative function.
In relation to the matters delegated is a common opinion that the Government could not bedelegated not even to modify or to supplement the Constitution, nor to adopt thoselegislative definitions that incorporate also a control function or ofaddress of the Parliament on the Government.
With reference to the multiple delegations, and that is to those delegations relative to oneplurality of different objects, if they are “susceptible of separate discipline, the Government canto execute it by means of more following acts for one or more above-mentioned objects”, making with this understanding that, in other cases, it isinstead of inadmissible a partial exercise of the delegation, or an exercisefragmentary on the time.[35]
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In relation to the term within which the delegation can be exercised, if the delegation has ultrabiennial duration, the Government is held to subject the schemes of legislative decreein the opinion of the permanent, competent parliamentary Commissions for matter, whichwithin sixty days, they will have to emit an opinion “indicating specificallypossible dispositions not considered corresponding to the directives of the law ofdelegation”; on the contrary, it is foreseen that the Government should make re-have to the Commissions hisobservations, as well as the possible modifications of the schemes of decree, so that theybe able to express within thirty days, their definitive opinion.
There appear a progressive expansion cases of adjournments of delegations that do not execute inprescribed terms and the conferment of generic delegate powers of corrective type oflegislative decrees or also of already current laws.[36]
The Law 400/1988 has individualized in the presidential emanation of the decreelegislative the act of the progress of exercise of the delegation that must happen in I enterterm fixed by the law of delegation. Besides, in order to allow a controlreal from the President of the Republic on the government act, it has been establishedthat the text of the legislative decree adopted by the Government is broadcast to him foremanation “at least twenty days before the deadline”.[37]
As well as the limits prescribed by the Article 76 of the Constitution, some laws of delegation, kind in sectors ofparticular importance, they have foreseen some further limits, generally of characterprocedural, consisting in the necessary opinion of parliamentary commissions, ofcommissions of experts, of companies directly involved by the content of the delegation.[38] Inmore recent period, it is assisted to a more and more diffuse forecast of the necessity ofopinions of the parliamentary commissions, to express within peremptory terms, onschemes of legislative decrees prepared by the Government. The Government, that has receivedlegislative delegation, has, as a rule, an evident interest to exercise it.
The Article 14.3 of The Law 400/1988 has prescribed what “the Government informs periodicallythe Chambers on the criteria that it follows in the organization of the exercise of the delegation”.[39]
The exercise of the delegation from the Government happens by means of the adoption asideof the Council of the Ministers of a legislative decree (delegate law) and hisemanation from the President of the Republic. Subsequently tothis last one, the text is published on the Official Newspaper and enters into vigorfifteenth day following to the date of publication, unless the law ofdelegation foresees a different term.
In the Article 16.1 of The Law 400/1988 said that the obligation has come less, existing previously,of subjecting, before the publication, the legislative decree to the recordpart of the Court of Auditors.[40]
They assume the shape of legislative decrees also the rules of accomplishment of the statutesspecial five Regions to particular autonomy. It finds us in front of onehe delegates to indeterminate time, exercisable several times, in substance it deprives of beginnings andguiding criteria, which there constitutes the only case in which the Government has a truth andown legislative power only very partially conditioned by the action ofcommissions composed in joint way between the Government and the Region or Provinceinterested.[41]
Another case of legislative delegation completely anomalous is implicitly provided by the Article78 of the Constitution, there where establishing that are the Chambers decide to make the military state, ifit foresees also that they “should confer on the Government the necessary powers”.[42]
CONCLUSION
The chosen theme of research sounds as «The Government of the Italian republic». Research of the government as a whole was the work purpose. The work purpose has been reached, research problems are solved so the accessible legal literature on this point in question how much allowed.
Summing up research, it is possible to draw following such conclusions.
The government of Italy carries out the higher executive power in the country. The president appoints the President of a Council (one of leaders of the parliamentary majority) and according to his advice other members of the Government. The parliament should take out to the Government a vote of confidence within 10 days after its setting up. The Constitution doesn't contain the full list of power of the Government though its competence is very extensive practically it directs the state. Especially the functions of the Government in the field of management of government: all administrative agencies and departments of the country are under its control.
The Council of Ministers plays large role in legislative process. Using the right of a legislative initiative, it introduces the bills for discussion of Parliament and supporting of the parliamentary majority achieves their acceptance. The government itself issues various acts of subordinate character - regulations. Besides, as the delegated legislation it carries out directly legislative functions, issuing the acts which are valid the law.
The head of the government "directs the general policy of the Government and bears for it responsibility". Under the Constitution the Prime Minister and Ministers are responsible before Parliament: The Prime Minister - for the general policy of the Government, Ministers bear joint responsibility for actions of the Government and individual - for actions of the departments.
The Government should resignate, if one of chambers takes out to it the resolution of mistrust which should be signed not less than 1/10 members of chamber and is put for discussion not earlier than in 3 days after its removal. For the crimes made at execution of the duties, the President of a Council of the board of ministers and ministers can be prosecuted. The decision on prosecution is taken out by Parliament at joint meeting of chambers.
LIST OF LITERATURE
1. La CostituzionedellaRepubblicaItaliana//Data a Roma, addì 27 dicembre 1947.2.Legge 23 agosto 1988, n. 400.-Disciplina dell'attività di Governo e ordinamentodellaPresidenza delConsigliodei ministry.
3.Leggecostituzionale 16 gennaio 1989, n. 1. - Modifichedegliarticoli 96, 134 e 135 dellaCostituzione e dellaleggecostituzionale 11 marzo 1953, n. 1, e norme in materia di procedimenti per i reati di cui all'art. 96 dellaCostituzione.
4.Legge 20 luglio 2004.- n. 215"Norme in materia di risoluzionedeiconflitti di interessi"//pubblicatanellaGazzettaUfficiale n. 193 del 18 agosto 2004.
5.Cappelletti M. The Italian Legal System: An Introduction. - Stanford, California- 1967.- 462p.
6.Certomat G. L. The Italian Legal System.// L. - 1984.-367 p.
7.Giovanni Sartori. Ingegneriacostituzionalecomparata.Strutture//incentiviedesiti.- Il Mulino, Bologna.- 2004.- 298p.
8.ErnestoBettinelli. La CostituzionedellaRepubblicaItaliana//Un classico giuridico.-Milano,1948.-423p.
9.Manuale di dirittopubblica//A cura di G.Amato e A.Barbera.- Milano.-1986.
10.Rizzoli, collana BUR – BibliotecaUniversale Rizzoli.- Milano.-2006.
11.PaoloCaretti e Ugo De Siervo, Istituzioni di dirittopubblico.- Torino//GiappichelliEditore.-1996.
12.А.А. Мишин, Конституционное (государственное) право зарубежных стран: //Учебник. - М.: Белые альвы, 1996, 400 c.13. Автономов А.С., Конституционное (государственное) право зарубежных стран : учебник / А.С. Автономов. – М., 2005,400 c.
14.Андреева Г.Н., Конституционное право зарубежных стран : учебник / Г.Н. Андреева. – М., 2005, 744 c.
15.АрановскийК.В., Государственное право зарубежных стран : учебное пособие / К.В. Арановский. – М., 2007, 297 c.
16. Гантман В. И., Государственный строй Италии//изд. ИМО. М., 1961, 338 c.17. Грегори А., Конституционные реформы в Италии // Право и политика. 2001. № 3, 459 c.
18. Италия. Конституция и законодательные акты. М.: Прогресс, 1988, 392 c.
19. Иностранное конституционное право / Под ред. проф. В.В. Маклакова. - М.: Юристъ, 1996, 512 c.
20. Конституция зарубежных государств. М.: Бек, 1997, 586 c.
21. Конституционное право зарубежных стран : учебник для вузов / под общ. ред. чл.-корр. РАН, проф. М.В. Баглая, д.ю.н., проф. Ю.И. Лейбо и д.ю.н., проф. Л.М. Энтина. – 2-е изд., перераб. – М., 2005,431c.
22. Личковаха А.В., Конституционное право зарубежных стран//Редактор: Александрова Л.И. -1992.-297 c.
23. Милехина Е. История государства и права зарубежных стран.- 2002.-208 c.
24.ПротопоповА.С., Резников Л.З.,История государства и права зарубежных стран//Издательство: Госюриздат.-Москва,1960.-86 c.
25.СтрашунБ.А. , Конституционное (государственное) право зарубежных стран: Учебник. Том 3. - М.: БЕК, 1999,263 c.
26.Филимонова М.В., Медведев С.Н. Государственный строй Итальянской республики. - М.: ВЮЗИ, 1985, 383 c.
27.Чиркин В.Е., Конституционное право зарубежных стран : учебник / В.Е. Чиркин. – М., 2007, 568 c.
[1]Cappelletti M. The Italian Legal System: An Introduction. - Stanford, California- 1967.- 35p
[2]La CostituzionedellaRepubblicaItaliana//Data a Roma, addì 27 dicembre 1947.
[3]La CostituzionedellaRepubblicaItaliana//Data a Roma, addì 27 dicembre 1947.
[4] Грегори А. Конституционные реформы в Италии // Право и политика. 2001. № 3,113
[5]Giovanni Sartori. Ingegneriacostituzionalecomparata.Strutture// incentiviedesiti.- Il Mulino, Bologna.- 2004.-56p
[6]ЧиркинВ.Е. Конституционноеправозарубежныхстран :учебник / В.Е. Чиркин. – М., 2007,221
[7]Протопопов А.С., Резников Л.З.,История государства и права зарубежных стран//Издательство: Госюриздат.-Москва,1960.-63
[8]Legge 20 luglio 2004.- n. 215"Norme in materia di risoluzionedeiconflitti di interessi"//pubblicatanellaGazzettaUfficiale n. 193 del 18 agosto 2004.
[9]Конституция зарубежных государств. М.: Бек.- 1997.-357
[10]Ernesto Bettinelli. La CostituzionedellaRepubblicaItaliana//Un classico giuridico.-Milano,1948.-29p.
[11]Legge 23 agosto 1988, n. 400.-Disciplina dell'attività di Governo e ordinamentodellaPresidenza delConsigliodei ministry.
[12]La CostituzionedellaRepubblicaItaliana//Data a Roma, addì 27 dicembre 1947.
[13]Certoma G. L. The Italian Legal System// L.- 1984.
[14] Автономов, А.С. Конституционное (государственное) право зарубежных стран : учебник / А.С. Автономов. – М., 2005,98
[15]Италия. Конституция и законодательные акты. М.: Прогресс, 1988.
[16]Италия. Конституция и законодательные акты. М.: Прогресс, 1988.
[17]Manuale di dirittopubblico.A cura di G.Amato e A.Barbera. Milano.-1986-p. 540.
[18]Legge 23 agosto 1988, n. 400.-Disciplina dell'attività di Governo e ordinamentodellaPresidenza delConsigliodei ministry.
[19] Конституционное право зарубежных стран : учебник для вузов / под общ.ред. чл.-корр. РАН, проф. М.В. Баглая, д.ю.н., проф. Ю.И. Лейбо и д.ю.н., проф. Л.М. Энтина. – 2-е изд., перераб. – М., 2005,169
[20]СтрашунБ.А. , Конституционное (государственное) право зарубежных стран: Учебник. Том 3. - М.: БЕК, 1999,134
[21]Legge 23 agosto 1988, n. 400.-Disciplina dell'attività di Governo e ordinamentodellaPresidenza delConsigliodei ministry.
[22] Андреева, Г.Н. Конституционное право зарубежных стран : учебник / Г.Н. Андреева. – М., 2005,459
[23]La CostituzionedellaRepubblicaItaliana//Data a Roma, addì 27 dicembre 1947.[24]Leggecostituzionale 16 gennaio 1989, n. 1. - Modifichedegliarticoli 96, 134 e 135 dellaCostituzione e dellaleggecostituzionale 11 marzo 1953, n. 1, e norme in materia di procedimenti per i reati di cui all'art. 96 dellaCostituzione.
[25]Rizzoli, collana BUR – BibliotecaUniversale Rizzoli.- Milano.- 2006.
[26]Legge 23 agosto 1988, n. 400.-Disciplina dell'attività di Governo e ordinamentodellaPresidenza delConsigliodei ministry.
[27]Иностранное конституционноеправо / Подред. проф. В.В. Маклакова. - М.: Юристъ, 1996,220
[28]Филимонова М.В., Медведев С.Н. Государственный строй Итальянской республики. - М.: ВЮЗИ, 1985,87
[29]Paolo Caretti e Ugo De Siervo, Istituzioni di dirittopubblico.- Torino// GiappichelliEditore.- 1996.
[30]А.А. Мишин, Конституционное (государственное) право зарубежных стран: Учебник. - М.: Белые мальвы.- 1996.-158
[31] Гантман В. И.. Государственный строй Италии// изд. ИМО.- М..- 1961.-130
[32]Милехина Е. История государства и права зарубежных стран.-2002.-159
[33]Legge 23 agosto 1988, n. 400.-Disciplina dell'attività di Governo e ordinamentodellaPresidenza delConsigliodei ministry.
[34]La CostituzionedellaRepubblicaItaliana//Data a Roma, addì 27 dicembre 1947.
[35]ПротопоповА.С., Резников Л.З.,//Издательство: Госюриздат.-Москва.-1960.-70
[36]Личковаха А.В Конституционное право зарубежных стран. //Редактор: Александрова Л.И.-1992.-117
[37]Legge 23 agosto 1988, n. 400.-Disciplina dell'attività di Governo e ordinamentodellaPresidenza delConsigliodei ministry.
[38]La CostituzionedellaRepubblicaItaliana//Data a Roma, addì 27 dicembre 1947.
[39]Legge 23 agosto 1988, n. 400.-Disciplina dell'attività di Governo e ordinamentodellaPresidenza delConsigliodei ministry.
[40]Legge 23 agosto 1988, n. 400.-Disciplina dell'attività di Governo e ordinamentodellaPresidenza delConsigliodei ministry.
[41]Арановский, К.В. Государственное право зарубежных стран : учебное пособие / К.В. Арановский. – М., 2007,148
[42]La CostituzionedellaRepubblicaItaliana//Data a Roma, addì 27 dicembre 1947.
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