Language History and Systematic Approach
A system can be defined as a group of interdependent and interacting elements arranged in a variety of ways. Language is a system, consisting of interdependent and interacting linguistic units arranged in the most effective way to enable communicational and cognitive function.The systematic approach suggests that language should be regarded as a dynamic system which is capable of adjusting itself to everchanging conditions of communication. Hence to describe pure linguistic chances one should always keep in mind extra-linguistic factors. There are 3 main aspects of the language system: its substance, its structure and its function. Structure is a systematic arrangement of parts which, taken together with the totality of relations existing among these parts, forms a coherent whole where any change in the relations between some of the parts necessitates a corresponding change in the relations among all the other parts. Morphemes, phonemes, etc – units of the language – make the substanceof the language. Functionof the languageis to enable communication.The core characteristics 'shape' the language system and reflect its main tendencies . Neither the development of the whole system nor the state of its subsystems are influenced by peripheral phenomena. Actually, the most evident difference between the core and periphery lies in their functional load. The functional load of the core is much higher than that of the periphery . Moreover, the core features of the language system are characterized by high productivity. Productive models are capable of generating open paradigms with an infinite number of elements . It is these models that determine the structural type of the language. .
The notion of «protolanguage» Principles of establishing relationships. Classification of Indo-European family.
Protolanguage is known or hypothesized language that serves a common ancestor of attested, or documented, known languages.Reconstruction of the parent language is a hypothesis about the specific form of protolanguage that could most reasonably have changed into the documented daughter languages.
The Proto-Indo-European language is the linguistic reconstruction of a common ancestor of the Indo-European languages spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans.
The comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor, as opposed to the method of internal reconstruction, which analyses the internal development of a single language over time. Ordinarily both methods are used together to reconstruct prehistoric phases of languages, to fill in gaps in the historical record of a language and to confirm or refute hypothesized relationships between languages. Principles of establishing relationships: 1)Core vocabulary (terms of kinship, names of animals and plants, natural phenomena, parts of a body, numerals up to 10, simple colours, personal and demonstrative pronouns, etc.) 2)theory of agglutinating(common affixes) by F. Bopp 3)laws of phonetic correspondence Important aspect of the comparative method is the assumption that sound change is regular, that the same sound in the same general environment will develop in the same way. The basic principles of historical phonetic change do not occur at random but in pattern.
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The surviving languages show various degrees of similarity to one another, the similarity bearing a more or less direct relationship to their geographical distribution. They accordingly fall into eleven principal groups: Indian(Sanskrit ext, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi), Iranian(Persian, Iranian), Armenian(Armenian), Hellenic (Greek), Albanian(Albanian), Italic(French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian) , Balto-Slavic(Baltic: Prussian, Latvian, Lituanian; West Slavic: Polish, Czech, Slovak, Sorbian; South Slavic: Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Sloven, Macedonian; East Slavic: Russian, Belarusian, Ukranian), Germanic(East G.: Gothic, Burgundian, Vandalic; North G.: eastern group: Swedish, Danish, western group: Norwegian and Icelandic; West G.: Low German: Old Saxon, Old Low Franconian, Old Frisian, Old English; High German), Celtic(Scotland and Ireland: Scottish, Gaelic, Irish, Manx;Brytonic:Welsh, Cornish, Breton)Hittite, and Tocharian
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